REFERENCES
- Allen , P. A. , Sliwinski , M. and Bowie , T. 2002 . Differential age effects in Semantic and episodic memory . Experimental Aging Research , 28 ( 2 ) : 111 – 142 .
- Baddeley , A. , Eysenck , M. W. and Anderson , M. C. 2009 . Memory , Hove , , UK : Psychology Press Ltd .
- Balota , D. A. , Dolan , P. O. and Duchek , J. M. 2000 . “ Memory changes in healthy older adults ” . In The Oxford Handbook of Memory , Edited by: Tulving , E. and Craik , F. I. M. 411 – 425 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
- Balota , D. A. and Neely , J. H. 1980 . Test-expectancy and word-frequency effects in recall and recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 ( 5 ) : 576 – 587 .
- Bleeker , M. L. , Bolla-Wilson , K. , Agnew , J. and Meyers , D. A. 1988 . Age-related sex differences in verbal memory . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 44 ( 3 ) : 403 – 411 .
- Bland , J. M. and Altman , D. G. 1995 . Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method . British Medical Journal , 310 : 170
- Brown , G. D. A. and Watson , F. L. 1987 . First in, first out: Word learning age and spoken frequency as predictors of word familiarity and word naming latency . Memory and Cognition , 15 : 208 – 216 .
- Brumer , J. S. , Miller , G. A. and Zimmerman , C. 1955 . Discriminative skill and discriminative matching in perceptual recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49 ( 3 ) : 187 – 192 .
- Canestrari , R. E. Jr . 1963 . Paced and self-paced learning in young and elderly adults . Journal of Gerontology , 18 : 165 – 168 .
- Carroll , J. B. and White , M. N. 1973 . Word frequency and age-of-acquisition as determiners of picture-naming latency . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 25 : 85 – 95 .
- Center for Lexical Information . 1993 . The Celex Lexical database Nijmegen , , The Netherlands
- Chang , Y. , Bondi , M. W. , Fennema-Notestine , C. , McEvoy , L. K. , Galer , D. J. Jr , Jacobson , M. W. and Dale , A. M. 2010 . Brain substrates of learning and retention in mild cognitive impairment diagnosis and progression to Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychologia , 48 : 1237 – 1247 .
- Coltheart , V. and Winograd , E. 1986 . Word imagery but not age of acquisition affects episodic memory . Memory & Cognition , 14 : 174 – 180 .
- Craik , F. I. 1977 . “ Age differences in human memory ” . In Handbook of the Psychology of Aging , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schall , K. 384 – 420 . New York , NY : Van Nostrand-Reinhold .
- Davis , H. P. , Small , S. A. , Stern , Y. , Mayeux , R. , Feldstein , S. N. and Keller , F. R. 2003 . Acquisition, recall and forgetting of verbal information in long-term memory by young, middle-aged, and elderly individuals . Cortex , 39 : 1063 – 1091 .
- Deese , J. 1960 . Frequency of usage and number of words in free recall: The role of association . Psychological Reports , 7 : 337 – 344 .
- DeLosh , E. L. and McDaniel , M. A. 1996 . The role of order information in free recall: Application to the word-frequency effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 22 ( 5 ) : 1136 – 1146 .
- Dewhurst , S. A. , Brandt , K. A. and Sharp , M. S. 2004 . Intention to learn influences the word frequency effect in recall but not in recognition memory . Journal of Memory and Cognition , 32 ( 8 ) : 16 – 25 .
- Dewhurst , S. A. , Hitch , G. J. and Barry , C. 1998 . Separate effects of word frequency and age of acquisition in recognition and recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 24 ( 2 ) : 284 – 298 .
- Diana , R. A. and Reder , L. M. 2006 . The low-frequency encoding disadvantage: Word frequency affects processing demands . Journal of Experimental Psychology – Learning, Memory and Cognition , 32 ( 4 ) : 805 – 815 .
- Duñabeitia , J. A. , Marín , A. and Carreiras , M. 2009 . Associative and orthographic neighborhood density effects in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychology , 23 ( 6 ) : 759 – 764 .
- Dunlosky , J. and Salthouse , T. A. 1996 . A decomposition of age-related differences in multitrial free recall . Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition , 3 ( 1 ) : 2 – 14 .
- Ellis , A. W. and Lambon-Ralph , M. A. 2000 . Age of acquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing systems: Insights from connectionist networks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 26 ( 5 ) : 1103 – 1123 .
- Elman , J. 2009 . On the meaning of words and dinosaur bones: Lexical knowledge without a lexicon . Cognitive Science , 33 ( 4 ) : 547 – 582 .
- Erber , J. I. 1974 . Age differences in recognition memory . Journal of Gerontology , 29 : 117 – 181 .
- Federmeier , K. D. , Segal , J. B. , Lambrozo , T. and Kutas , M. 2000 . Brain responses to nouns, verbs and class-ambiguous words in context . Brain , 123 : 2552 – 2566 .
- Feigenbaum , E. A. and Simon , H. A. 1962 . A theory of the serial position effect . British Journal of Psychology , 53 : 307 – 320 .
- Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . Mini-Mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of the patient for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
- Forbes-McKay , K. E. , Ellis , A. W. , Shanks , M. F. and Venneri , A. 2005 . The age of acquisition of words produced in a semantic fluency task can reliably differentiate normal from pathological age related cognitive decline . Neuropsychologia , 43 : 1625 – 1632 .
- Gilhooly , K. J. and Gilhooly , M. L. 1979 . Age-of-acquisition effects in lexical and episodic memory tasks . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 214 – 223 .
- Gilhooly , K. J. and Logie , R. H. 1980 . Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words . Behavior, Research Methods, and Instrumentation , 12 : 395 – 427 .
- Gladsjo , J. A. , Schuman , C. C. , Evans , J. D. , Peavy , G. M. , Miller , S. M. and Heaton , R. K. 1999 . Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education and ethnicity . Assessment , 6 ( 2 ) : 147
- Grainger , J. 2008 . Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction . Language and Cognitive Processes , 23 : 1 – 35 .
- Gregg , V. 1976 . “ Word frequency, recognition and recall ” . In Recall and recognition , Edited by: Brown , J. 183 – 216 . London , , UK : Wiley .
- Guttentag , R. E. and Carroll , D. 1994 . Identifying the basis for the word frequency effect in recognition memory . Memory , 2 ( 3 ) : 255 – 273 .
- Hall , J. F. 1954 . Learning as a function of word-frequency . The American Journal of Psychology , 67 ( 1 ) : 138 – 140 .
- Kramer , J. H. , Yaffe , K. , Lengenfelder , J. and Delis , D. C. 2003 . Age and gender interactions on verbal memory performance . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 9 ( 1 ) : 97 – 102 .
- Li , P. 2009 . Lexical organization and competition in first and second languages: Computational and neural mechanisms . Cognitive Science , 33 : 629 – 664 .
- Merritt , P. S. , DeLosh , E. L. and McDaniel , M. A. 2006 . Effects of word frequency on individual-item and serial order retention: Tests of the order-encoding view . Memory and Cognition , 34 ( 8 ) : 1615 – 1627 .
- Mitrushina , M. , Satz , P. , Chervinsky , A. and D'Elia , L. 1991 . Performance of four age groups of normal elderly on the Rey auditory-verbal learning test . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 ( 3 ) : 352 – 357 .
- Morin , C. , Poirier , M. , Fortin , C. and Hulme , C. 2006 . Word frequency in the mixed-list paradox in delayed serial recall . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 13 ( 4 ) : 724 – 729 .
- Morris , P. E. 1981 . Age of acquisition, imagery, recall, and the limitations of multiple-regression analysis . Memory & Cognition , 9 ( 3 ) : 277 – 282 .
- Morrison , C. M. , Chappell , T. D. and Ellis , A. W. 1997 . Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 50A ( 3 ) : 528 – 559 .
- Morrison , C. M. and Ellis , A. W. 2000 . Real age of acquisition effects in word naming and lexical decision . British Journal of Psychology , 91 : 167 – 180 .
- Morrison , C. M. , Hirsh , K. W. , Chappell , T. and Ellis , A. W. 2002 . Age and age of acquisition: An evaluation of the cumulative frequency hypothesis . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 14 ( 4 ) : 435 – 459 .
- Moulin , C. J. A. , James , N. , Freeman , J. E. and Jones , R. W. 2004 . Deficient acquisition and consolidation: Intertrial free recall performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 26 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 .
- Murdock , B. B. 1960 . The immediate retention of unrelated words . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 ( 4 ) : 222 – 234 .
- Naveh-Benjamin , M. , Hussain , Z. , Guez , J. and Bar-On , M. 2003 . Adult age differences in episodic memory: Further support for an associative-deficit hypothesis . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 29 ( 5 ) : 826 – 837 .
- Naveh-Benjamin , M. , Moscovitch , M. and Roediger , H. L. III . 2002 . Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging: Essays in honor of Fergus Craik , Hove , , UK : Psychology .
- Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1998). The University of South Florida word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. http://www.usf.edu/FreeAssociation/ (http://www.usf.edu/FreeAssociation/) (Accessed: 8 June 2011 ).
- Peters , H. N. 1937 . The relationship between familiarity of words and their memory value . The American Journal of Psychology , 48 ( 4 ) : 572 – 584 .
- Postman , L. 1970 . Effects of word frequency on acquisition and retention under conditions of free-recall learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 22 : 185 – 195 .
- Rosen , W. G. 1980 . Verbal fluency in aging and dementia . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 2 ( 2 ) : 135 – 146 .
- Steyvers , M. and Tenenbaum , J. B. 2005 . The large-scale structure of semantic networks: Statistical analyses and a model of semantic growth . Cognitive Science , 29 ( 1 ) : 41 – 78 .
- Sumby , W. H. 1963 . Word frequency and serial position effects . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1 : 443 – 450 .
- Tan , L. and Ward , G. 2000 . A recency-based account of the primacy effect in free recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. , 26 ( 6 ) : 1589 – 1625 .
- Taylor , R. 1997 . Effects of age of acquisition, word frequency, and familiarity on object recognition and naming in dementia . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 87 ( 2 ) : 573 – 574 .
- Thomas , J. C. , Fozard , J. L. and Waugh , N. C. 1977 . Age-related differences in naming latency . The American Journal of Psychology , 90 ( 3 ) : 499 – 509 .
- Tulving , E. 1964 . Intratrial and intertrial retention: Notes towards a theory of free recall verbal learning . Psychological Review , 71 ( 3 ) : 219 – 237 .
- Tulving , E. and Arbuckle , T. Y. 1963 . Sources of intra-trial interference in immediate recall of paired associated . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1 : 321 – 334 .
- Tulving , E. and Patkau , J. E. 1962 . Concurrent effects of contextual constraint and word frequency on immediate recall and learning of verbal material . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 16 : 83 – 92 .
- Ward , G. , Woodward , G. , Stevens , A. and Stinson , C. 2003 . Using overt rehearsals to explain word frequency effects in free recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 29 ( 2 ) : 186 – 210 .
- Watkins , M. J. , LeCompte , D. and Kim , K. 2000 . Role of study strategy in recall of mixed-lists of common and rare words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 26 ( 1 ) : 239 – 245 .
- Waugh , N. C. 1962 . Length of series and the learning curve . The American Journal of Psychology , 75 ( 2 ) : 177 – 192 .
- Woodard , J. L. , Dunlosky , J. and Salthouse , T. A. 1999 . Task decomposition analysis of intertrial free recall performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Teat in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 5 ) : 666 – 676 .