Differential relationships of somatic and cognitive anxiety with measures of processing speed in older adults

References

• Beaudreau, S. A., & O’Hara, R. (2009). The association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24, 507–512. doi:10.1037/a0016035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudreau, S. A., & O’Hara, R. (2008). Late-life anxiety and cognitive impairment: A review. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 790–803. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817945c3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for the beck anxiety inventory. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bierman, E. J., Comijs, H. C., Rijmen, F., Jonker, C., & Beekman, A. T. (2008). Anxiety symptoms and cognitive performance in later life: Results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Aging & Mental Health, 12(4), 517–523. doi:10.1080/13607860802224276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, J. E., Schinka, J. A., Brown, L. M., Mortimer, J. A., & Borenstein, A. R. (2006). Five-factor personality dimensions, mood states, and cognitive performance in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 676–683. doi:10.1080/13803390590954209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, C. (2010). Anxiety and depression in old age: Challenges in recognition and diagnosis. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 511–513. doi:10.1017/S1041610209991785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45–61. doi:10.1123/jsep.10.1.45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschke, H., Kuslansky, G., Katz, M., Stewart, W. F., Sliwinski, M. J., Eckholdt, H. M., & Lipton, R. B. (1999). Screening for dementia with the memory impairment screen. Neurology, 52, 231–231. doi:10.1212/WNL.52.2.231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1976). The psychobiology of relaxation and related states: A multiprocess theory. In D. Mostofsky (Ed.), Behavioral control and modification of physiological activity (pp. 339–442). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• De Beurs, E., Beekman, A. T. F., Van Balkom, A., Deeg, D. J. H., Van Dyck, R., & Van Tilburg, W. (1999). Consequences of anxiety in older persons: Its effect on disability, well-being and use of health services. Psychological Medicine, 29, 583–593. doi:10.1017/S0033291799008351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deffenbacher, J. L. (1980). Worry and emotionality in test anxiety. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 111–128). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dennis, R. E., Boddington, S. J., & Funnell, N. J. (2007). Self-report measures of anxiety: Are they suitable for older adults? Aging & Mental Health, 11, 668–677. doi:10.1080/13607860701529916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deptula, D., Singh, R., & Pomara, N. (1993). Aging, emotional states, and memory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 429–434. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.3.429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, D., Reynolds, C. A., McArdle, J. J., & Pedersen, N. L. (2007). Age changes in processing speed as a leading indicator of cognitive aging. Psychology & Aging, 22, 558–568. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes, K., & Cox, B. (2002). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: A community-based survey and comparison with younger adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 297–309. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00067-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., Powlishta, K. K., Coats, M. A., Muich, S. J., Grant, E., … Morris, J. C. (2005). The AD8: A brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology, 65, 559–564. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000172958.95282.2a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, P. L., & Norton, G. R.. (1993). The beck anxiety inventory: A psychometric analysis. Psychological Assessment, 5, 408–412. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.4.408
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, M. J. (2003). Divided attention in older but not younger adults is impaired by anxiety. Experimental Aging Research, 29, 111–136. doi:10.1080/03610730303712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzer, R., Verghese, J., Wang, C., Hall, C. B., & Lipton, R. B. (2008). Within-person across-neuropsychological test variability and incident dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 823–830. doi:10.1001/jama.300.7.823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtzer, R., Wang, C., & Verghese, J. (2014). Performance variance on walking while talking tasks: Theory, findings, and clinical implications. Age, 36, 373–381. doi:10.1007/s11357-013-9570-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabacoff, R. I., Segal, D. L., Hersen, M., & Van Hasselt, V. B. (1997). Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the beck anxiety inventory and the state-trait anxiety inventory with older adult psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 33–47. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(96)00033-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karantzoulis, S., Novitski, J., Gold, M., & Randolph, C. (2013). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS): Utility in detection and characterization of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 837–844. doi:10.1093/arclin/act057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzer, A., & Suhr, J. A. (2016). Dementia worry and its relationship to dementia exposure, psychological factors, and subjective memory concerns. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 23(3), 196–204. doi:10.1080/23279095.2015.1030669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliegel, M., Zimprich, D., & Eschen, A. (2005). What do subjective cognitive complaints in persons with aging-associated cognitive decline reflect? International Psychogeriatrics, 17(3), 499–512. doi:10.1017/S1041610205001638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, J., Edelstein, B., & McKee, D. (2000). Assessment of Anxiety in Older Adults: Current status. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 14, 109–132.
   Google Scholar
• Kowalczyk, A., McDonald, S., Cranney, J., & McMahon, M. (2001). Cognitive flexibility in the normal elderly and in persons with dementia as measured by the written and oral Trail Making Tests. Brain Impairment, 2, 11–21.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Kuslansky, G., Sliwinski, M. J., Stewart, W. F., Verghese, J., … Buschke, H. (2003). Screening for dementia by telephone using the memory impairment screen. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 1382–1390. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51455.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyketsos, C. G., Steinberg, M., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Steffens, D. C., & Breitner, J. C. S. (2000). Mental and behavioral disturbances in dementia: Findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 708–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantella, R. C., Butters, M. A., Dew, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Begley, A. E., Tracey, B., … Lenze, E. J. (2007). Cognitive impairment in late-life generalized anxiety disorder. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(8), 673–679. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31803111f2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel, M. A., Einstein, G. O., & Jacoby, L. L. (2008). New considerations in aging and memory: The glass may be half full. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (3rd ed., pp. 251–310). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein M. B. (2000). Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 669–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelson, L. (1986). Treatment consonance and response profiles in agoraphobia: The role of individual differences in cognitive behavioral and physiological treatments. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 263–275. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90186-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohlman, J., & Gorman J.M. (2005). The role of executive functioning in CBT: A pilot study with anxious older adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 447–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, C., Landreville, P., Colecchi, C., McDonald, K., Stone, J., & Ling, W. (1999). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties with older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 5, 19–29.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541–555. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.4.541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, L. W., Harris, E. W., & Rovins, D. S. (1981). Interactive effects of generalized and situational expectancies on the arousal of cognitive and emotional components of social anxiety. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 302–311. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(81)90028-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, L. W., & Liebert, R. M. (1973). Effects of negative feedback, threat of shock, and level of trait anxiety on the arousal of two components of anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 321–326. doi:10.1037/h0034768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterman, J. M., Vogels, R. L., van Harten, B., Gouw, A. A., Poggesi, A., Scheltens, P., … Scherder, E. J. (2010). Assessing mental flexibility: Neuroanatomical and neuropsychological correlates of the Trail Making test in elderly people. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 203–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearman, A., Hertzog, C., & Gerstorf, D. (2014). Little evidence for links between memory complaints and memory performance in very old age: Longitudinal analyses from the Berlin aging study. Psychology and Aging, 29(4), 828–842. doi:10.1037/a0037141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph, C. (1998). Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS). San Antonio: Harcourt, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, U., Poland, R. E., & Lin, K.-M.. (2012). Comparison of symptoms in African-American, Asian American, Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white patients with major depressive disorder. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.01.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276. doi:10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271
   Google Scholar
• Rosano, C., Newman, A., Katz, R., Hirsch, C., & Kuller, L. (2008). Association between lower digit symbol substitution test score and slower gait and greater risk of mortality and of developing incident disability in well-functioning older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 1618–1625. doi:10.1111/jgs.2008.56.issue-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz, S. K., Moser, D. J., Bishop, J. R., & Ellingrod, V. L. (2005). Phobic anxiety in late-life in relationship to cognition and 5HTTLPR polymorphism. Psychiatric Genetics, 15, 305–306. doi:10.1097/00041444-200512000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The sport anxiety scale. Anxiety Research, 2, 263–280. doi:10.1080/08917779008248733
   Google Scholar
• Stillman, A. N., Rowe, K. C., Arndt, S., & Moser, D. J. (2012). Anxious symptoms and cognitive function in non-demented older adults: An inverse relationship. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(8), 792–798. doi:10.1002/gps.v27.8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therrien, Z., & Hunsley, J. (2012). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: A systematic review of commonly used measures. Aging & Mental Health, 16, 1–16. doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.602960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese, J., Katz, M. J., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., Hall, C. B., & Lipton, R. B. (2004). Reliability and validity of a telephone-based mobility assessment questionnaire. Age Ageing, 33, 628–632. doi:10.1093/ageing/afh210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised. New York, NY: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yochim, B. P., Mueller, A. E., & Segal, D. L. (2013). Late life anxiety is associated with decreased memory and executive functioning in community dwelling older adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 567–575. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar