Publication Cover
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development
Volume 27, 2020 - Issue 5
630
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The Dutch version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS-NL): normative data and their association with age and socio-economic status

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 765-786 | Received 10 Jul 2019, Accepted 09 Oct 2019, Published online: 04 Nov 2019

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2007). Report of the APA task force on socioeconomic status, Washingtom:American Psychological Association.
  • Andel, R., Kåreholt, I., Parker, M. G., Thorslund, M., & Gatz, M. (2007). Complexity of primary lifetime occupation and cognition in advanced old age. Journal of Aging and Health, 19(3), 397–415.
  • Avolio, B. J., & Waldman, D. A. (1990). An examination of age and cognitive test performance across job complexity and occupational types. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 43–50.
  • Basta, N. E., Matthews, F. E., Chatfield, M. D., & Brayne, C. (2008). Community-level socio-economic status and cognitive and functional impairment in the older population. European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 48–54.
  • Bogousslavsky, J., Van Melle, G., & Regli, F. (1988). The lausanne stroke registry: Analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke, 19(9), 1083–1092.
  • Brito, N. H., & Noble, K. G. (2014). Socioeconomic status and structural brain development. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00276
  • Burke, D. M., & Shafto, M. A. (2004). Aging and language production. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 21–24.
  • Bürkner, P.-C. (2017). brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using stan. Journal of Statistical Software, 80(1), 1–28.
  • Burton, L., & Tyson, S. (2015). Screening for cognitive impairment after stroke: A systematic review of psychometric properties and clinical utility. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 47(3), 193–203.
  • Cox, A. M., McKevitt, C., Rudd, A. G., & Da Wolfe, C. (2006). Socioeconomic status and stroke. The Lancet Neurology, 5(2), 181–188.
  • Dartigues, J. F., Gagnon, M., Letenneur, L., Barberger-Gateau, P., Commenges, D., Evaldre, M., & Salamon, R. (1992). Principal lifetime occupation and cognitive impairment in a French elderly cohort (Paquid). American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(9), 981–988.
  • Demeyere, N., Riddoch, M. J., Slavkova, E. D., Bickerton, W., & Humphreys, G. W. (2015). The Oxford Cognitive Screen (ocs): Validation of a stroke-specific short cognitive screening tool. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 883–894.
  • Demeyere, N., Riddoch, M. J., Slavkova, E. D., Jones, K., Reckless, I., Mathieson, P., & Humphreys, G. W. (2016). Domain-specific versus generalized cognitive screening in acute stroke. Journal of Neurology, 263, 306–315.
  • Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2012). Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: Moving from correlation to causation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(3), 377–386.
  • Elst van der, W., Boxtel van, M. P. J., Breukelen van, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006). The letter digit substitution test: normative data for 1,858 healthy participants aged 24–81 from the maastricht aging study (MAAS): Influence of age, education, and sex. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(6), 998–1009.
  • Erikson, R., Goldthorpe, J. H., & Portocarero, L. (1979). Intergenerational class mobility in three western European societies: England, France and Sweden. The British Journal of Sociology, 30(4), 415–441.
  • Eskes, G. A., Lanctôt, K. L., Herrmann, N., Lindsay, P., Bayley, M., Bouvier, L., & Swartz, R. H.; Heart Stroke Foundation Canada Canadian Stroke Best Practices Committees. (2015). Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: Mood, cognition and fatigue following stroke practice guidelines, update 2015. International Journal of Stroke: Official Journal of the International Stroke Society, 10(7), 1130–1140.
  • Evans, G. (1992). Testing the validity of the Goldthorpe class schema. European Sociological Review, 8(3), 211–232.
  • Gelman, A., Meng, X.-L., & Stern, H. (1996). Posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized discrepancies. Statistica Sinica, 6(4), 733–760.
  • Gelman, A., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2000). Type S error rates for classical and Bayesian single and multiple comparison procedures. Computational Statistics, 15(3), 373–390.
  • Goldstein, L. H., & McNeil, J. E. (2004). Clinical neuropsychology: A practical guide to assessment and management for clinicians. London: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gross, A. L., Inouye, S. K., Rebok, G. W., Brandt, J., Crane, P. K., Parisi, J. M., … Jones, R. N. (2012). Parallel but not equivalent: Challenges and solutions for repeated assessment of cognition over time. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(7), 758–772.
  • Grundy, E., & Holt, G. (2001). The socioeconomic status of older adults: How should we measure it in studies of health inequalities? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55(12), 895–904.
  • Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(2), 87–96.
  • Hoffmann, M. (2001). Higher cortical function deficits after stroke: An analysis of 1,000 patients from a dedicated cognitive stroke registry. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 15(2), 113–127.
  • Holtsberg, P. A., Poon, L. W., Noble, C. A., & Martin, P. (1995). Mini-mental state exam status of community-dwelling cognitively intact centenarians. International Psychogeriatrics, 7(3), 417–427.
  • Hong, W., Tao, J., Wong, A. W. K., Yang, S., Leung, M., Lee, T. M. C., … Chen, L. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Chinese (Putonghua) version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS-P) in subacute poststroke patients without neglect. BioMed Research International, 2018, 1–12.
  • Hooren, S. A. H., van, V. A. M., Bosma, H., Ponds, R. W. H. M., Boxtel van, M. P. J., & Jolles, J. (2007). Cognitive functioning in healthy older adults aged 64–81: A cohort study into the effects of age, sex, and education. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(1), 40–54.
  • Horstmann, S., Rizos, T., Rauch, G., Arden, C., & Veltkamp, R. (2014). Feasibility of the montreal cognitive assessment in acute stroke patients. European Journal of Neurology, 21(11), 1387–1393.
  • Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2018). Findings from the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet: Seattle.
  • Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2016). National clinical guideline for stroke (Vol. 5, pp. 1–232). Retrieved from Royal College of Physicians website https://www.bgs.org.uk/sites/default/files/content/resources/files/2018-06-05/national_guidelines_2016.pdf
  • Jaillard, A., Naegele, B., Trabucco-Miguel, S., LeBas, J. F., & Hommel, M. (2009). Hidden dysfunctioning in subacute stroke. Stroke, 40(7), 2473–2479.
  • Jang, S.-N., Choi, Y.-J., & Kim, D.-H. (2009). Association of socioeconomic status with successful ageing: Differences in the components of successful ageing. Journal of Biosocial Science, 41(2), 207–219.
  • Jentorp, P., & Berglund, G. (1992). Stroke registry in Malmö, Sweden. Stroke, 23(3), 357–361.
  • Jones, R. N., & Gallo, J. J. (2002). Education and sex differences in the mini-mental state examinationeffects of differential item functioning. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 57(6), P548–P558.
  • Juliet, A., Luis, A., Mohan Keerthi, M., Siobhan, C., Anita, S., Ruoling, C., & Christopher, M. (2012). Socioeconomic status and stroke. Stroke, 43(4), 1186–1191.
  • Juncos-Rabadán, O., Facal, D., Rodríguez, M. S., & Pereiro, A. X. (2010). Lexical knowledge and lexical retrieval in ageing: Insights from a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(10), 1301–1334.
  • Kelly-Hayes, M., Beiser, A., Kase, C. S., Scaramucci, A., D’Agostino, R. B., & Wolf, P. A. (2003). The influence of gender and age on disability following ischemic stroke: The Framingham study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 12(3), 119–126.
  • Kerr, G. D., Slavin, H., Clark, D., Coupar, F., Langhorne, P., & Stott, D. J. (2011). Do vascular risk factors explain the association between socioeconomic status and stroke incidence: A meta-analysis. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 31(1), 57–63.
  • Kong, A. P.-H., Lam, -P. H.-P., Ho, D. W.-L., Lau, J. K., Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, J., & Weekes, B. (2016). The Hong Kong version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (HK-OCS): Validation study for Cantonese-speaking chronic stroke survivors. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 23(5), 530–548.
  • Kosgallana, A., Cordato, D., Chan, D. K. Y., & Yong, J. (2019). Use of cognitive screening tools to detect cognitive impairment after an ischaemic stroke: A systematic review. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 1, 255–262.
  • Kruschke, J. K. (2010). What to believe: Bayesian methods for data analysis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(7), 293–300.
  • Lang, I. A., Llewellyn, D. J., Langa, K. M., Wallace, R. B., Huppert, F. A., & Melzer, D. (2008). Neighborhood deprivation, individual socioeconomic status, and cognitive function in older people: Analyses from the English longitudinal study of ageing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(2), 191–198.
  • Lee, S., Kawachi, I., Berkman, L. F., & Grodstein, F. (2003). Education, other socioeconomic indicators, and cognitive function. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(8), 712–720.
  • Leśniak, M., Bak, T., Czepiel, W., Seniów, J., & Członkowska, A. (2008). Frequency and prognostic value of cognitive disorders in stroke patients. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26(4), 356–363.
  • Lezak, P. of N. P. and N. M. D., Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., & Fischer, J. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Makin, S. D. J., Turpin, S., Dennis, M. S., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2013). Cognitive impairment after lacunar stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, prevalence and comparison with other stroke subtypes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 84(8), 893–900.
  • Mancuso, M., Varalta, V., Sardella, L., Capitani, D., Zoccolotti, P., & Antonucci, G.; Group, the I. O. (2016). Italian normative data for a stroke specific cognitive screening tool: The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS). Neurological Sciences, 37(10), 1713–1721.
  • Mancuso, M., Demeyere, N., Abbruzzese, L., Damora, A., Varalta, V., Pirrotta, F., … Zoccolotti, P. (2018). Using the Oxford Cognitive Screen to detect cognitive impairment in stroke patients: A comparison with the mini-mental state examination. Frontiers in Neurology, 9. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00101
  • Mitrushina, M., Boone, K. B., Razani, J., & D’Elia, L. F. (2005). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nakayama, H., Jørgensen, H., Raaschou, H., & Olsen, S. (1994). The influence of age on stroke outcome. The copenhagen stroke study. Stroke, 25(4), 808–813.
  • National Stroke Foundation. (2010). Clinical guidelines for stroke management 2010. Retrieved from Royal Australasian College of Physicians and its Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine website https://www.pedro.org.au/wp-content/uploads/CPG_stroke.pdf
  • Nys, G. M. S., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., de Kort, P. L. M., van der Worp, H. B., Jansen, B. P. W., Algra, A., … Kappelle, L. J. (2005). The prognostic value of domain-specific cognitive abilities in acute first-ever stroke. Neurology, 64(5), 821–827.
  • Nys, G. M. S., Zandvoort, M. J. E., Van, Kort de, P. L. M., Jansen, B. P. W., Haan de, E. H. F., & Kappelle, L. J. (2007). Cognitive disorders in acute stroke: Prevalence and clinical determinants. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23(5–6), 408–416.
  • Ostrosky-Solís, F., Ardila, A., & Rosselli, M. (1999). NEUROPSI: A brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5(5), 413–433.
  • Potter, G. G., Helms, M. J., & Plassman, B. L. (2008). Associations of job demands and intelligence with cognitive performance among men in late life. Neurology, 70(19 Pt 2), 1803–1808.
  • Ramos, C. C. F., Amado, D. K., Borges, C. R., Bergamaschi, E., Nitrini, R., & Brucki, S. M. D. (2018). Oxford Cognitive Screen – Brazilian Portuguese version (OCS-Br) A pilot study. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 12(4), 427–431.
  • Robotham, R. J., Riis, J. O., & Demeyere, N. (2019). A Danish version of the Oxford cognitive screen: A stroke-specific screening test as an alternative to the MoCA. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 1–14. doi:10.1080/13825585.2019.1577352
  • Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., & Rosas, P. (1990). Neuropsychological assessment in illiterates: II. Language and praxic abilities. Brain and Cognition, 12(2), 281–296.
  • Schöllgen, I., Huxhold, O., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2010). Socioeconomic status and health in the second half of life: Findings from the German ageing survey. European Journal of Ageing, 7(1), 17–28.
  • Shendyapina, M., Kuzmina, E., Kazymaev, S., Petrova, A., Demeyere, N., & Weekes, B. S.,, . (2018). The Russian version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen: Validation study on stroke survivors. Neuropsychology, doi: 10.1037/neu0000491
  • Staff, R. T., Murray, A. D., Deary, I. J., & Whalley, L. J. (2004). What provides cerebral reserve? Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 127(Pt 5), 1191–1199.
  • Statbel. (2018a). Gemiddeld inkomen van de Belg bedraagt 17.824 euro. Retrieved from https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/nieuws/gemiddeld-inkomen-van-de-belg-bedraagt-17824-euro
  • Statbel. (2018b). Risk of poverty or social exclusion. Retrieved from https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/households/poverty-and-living-conditions/risk-poverty-or-social-exclusion
  • Stolwyk, R. J., O’Neill, M. H., McKay, A. J. D., & Wong, D. K. (2014). Are cognitive screening tools sensitive and specific enough for use after stroke?: A systematic literature review. Stroke, 45(10), 3129–3134.
  • Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Thielen, H., Verleysen, G., Huybrechts, S., Lafosse, C., & Gillebert, C. R. (2019). Flemish normative data for the buschke selective reminding test. Psychologica Belgica, 59(1), 58–77.
  • Valera-Gran, D., López-Roig, S., Hurtado-Pomares, M., Peral-Gómez, P., García-Manzanares, M., Sunyer Catlla, M., … Sánchez-Pérez, A. (2019). Validation of the Spanish version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (S-OCS): Psychometric properties of a short cognitive stroke-specific screening tool. Clinical Rehabilitation, 33(4), 724–736.
  • van den Bos, G. A. M., Smits, J. P. J. M., Westert, G. P., & van Straten, A. (2002). Socioeconomic variations in the course of stroke: Unequal health outcomes, equal care? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(12), 943–948.
  • Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006). The Stroop color-word test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13(1), 62–79.
  • van Zandvoort, M. J. E., Kessels, R. P. C., Nys, G. M. S., de Haan, E. H. F., & Kappelle, L. J. (2005). Early neuropsychological evaluation in patients with ischaemic stroke provides valid information. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 107(5), 385–392.
  • Von Dem Knesebeck, O., Lüschen, G., Cockerham, W. C., & Siegrist, J. (2003). Socioeconomic status and health among the aged in the United States and Germany: A comparative cross-sectional study. Social Science & Medicine, 57(9), 1643–1652.
  • Wee, L. E., Yeo, W. X., Yang, G. R., Hannan, N., Lim, K., Chua, C., … Shen, H. M. (2012). Individual and area level socioeconomic status and its association with cognitive function and cognitive impairment (Low MMSE) among community-dwelling elderly in Singapore. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 2(1), 529–542.
  • Whalley, L. J., Deary, I. J., Appleton, C. L., & Starr, J. M. (2004). Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 3(4), 369–382.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.