Drawing pictures at encoding enhances memory in healthy older adults and in individuals with probable dementia

References

• Ally, B. A. (2012). Using pictures and words to understand recognition memory deterioration in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 12(6), 687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ally, B. A., & Budson, A. E. (2007). The worth of pictures: Using high density event-related potentials to understand the memorial power of pictures and the dynamics of recognition memory. NeuroImage, 35(1), 378–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ally, B. A., Gold, C. A., & Budson, A. E. (2009). The picture superiority effect in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 47(2), 595–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ally, B. A., McKeever, J. D., Waring, J. D., & Budson, A. E. (2009). Preserved frontal memorial processing for pictures in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2044–2055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ally, B. A., Waring, J. D., Beth, E. H., McKeever, J. D., Milberg, W. P., & Budson, A. E. (2008). Aging memory for pictures: Using high-density event-related potentials to understand the effect of aging on the picture superiority effect. Neuropsychologia, 46(2), 679–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt, S., Cizadlo, T., O’Leary, D., Gold, S., & Andreasen, N. C. (1996). Normalizing counts and cerebral blood flow intensity in functional imaging studies of the human brain. NeuroImage, 3(3 Pt 1), 175–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballesteros, S., Reales, J. M., & Mayas, J. (2007). Picture priming in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Psicothema, 19(2), 239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkowski, J., Benton, A., & Spreen, O. (1967). Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia, 5, 135–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991). Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathology, 82(4), 239–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, M., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2008). Brain structures involved in dementia. In G. Stoppe (Ed.), Competence assessment in dementia (pp. 25–34). New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-72369-2_3
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, K. E., Silva Brown, J., Jackson Walker, E., Smitherman, E. A., Boudreaux, E. O., Volaufova, J., & Michal Jazwinski, S. (2012). Semantic encoding enhances the pictorial superiority effect in the oldest-old. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19(1–2), 319–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I., Govoni, R., Naveh-Benjamin, M., & Anderson, N. D. (1996). The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125(2), 159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I., & McDowd, J. M. (1987). Age differences in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(3), 474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I. M., & Jennings, J. M. (1992). Human memory. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 51–110). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Danker, J. F., & Anderson, J. R. (2010). The ghosts of brain states past: Remembering reactivates the brain regions engaged during encoding. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deason, R. G, Hussey, E. P, Budson, A. E, & Ally, B. A. (2012). Gist-based conceptual processing of pictures remains intact in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 26(2), 202-208. doi:10.1037/a0026958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embree, L. M., Budson, A. E., & Ally, B. A. (2012). Memorial familiarity remains intact for pictures but not for words in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 50(9), 2333–2340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelkamp, J., & Zimmer, H. D. (1983). Zum Einflul3 von Wahrnehmen und Tun auf das Behalten von Verb-Objekt-Phrasen. Sprache and Kognition, 2, 117–127.
   Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, M. A, & Moscovitch, M. (2000). Divided attention and memory: evidence of substantial interference effects at retrieval and encoding. Journal of experimental psychology: general. 129(2), 155-176.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes, M. A., Wammes, J. D., & Meade, M. E. (2018). The surprisingly powerful influence of drawing on memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science., 27(5), 302–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischman, D. A., & Gabrieli, J. D. (1998). Repetition priming in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease: A review of findings and theories. Psychology and Aging, 13(1), 88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golby, A., Silverberg, G., Race, E., Gabrieli, S., O’Shea, J., Knierim, K., … Gabrieli, J. (2005). Memory encoding in Alzheimer’s disease: An fMRI study of explicit and implicit memory. Brain, 128, 773–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Isla, T., Price, J. L., McKeel, D. W., Jr, Morris, J. C., Growdon, J. H., & Hyman, B. T. (1996). Profound loss of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons occurs in very mild Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(14), 4491–4500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, C. L, Haxby, J. V, Horwitz, B, Sundaram, M, Berg, G, Schapiro, M, Friedland, R. P, & Rapoport, S. I. (1988). Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the alzheimer type. Journal Of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10(5), 576-596. doi:10.1080/01688638808402796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenaway, M. C., Duncan, N. L., & Smith, G. E. (2013). The memory support system for mild cognitive impairment: Randomized trial of a cognitive rehabilitation intervention. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(4), 402–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M., & Geraci, L. (2006). The picture superiority effect in conceptual implicit memory: A conceptual distinctiveness hypothesis. The American Journal of Psychology, 119, 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikram, M. A., Vrooman, H. A., Vernooij, M. W., den Heijer, T., Hofman, A., Niessen, W. J., … Breteler, M. M. B. (2010). Brain tissue volumes in relation to cognitive function and risk of dementia. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(3), 378–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean, L., Bergeron, M. È., Thivierge, S., & Simard, M. (2010). Cognitive intervention programs for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(4), 281–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, P., Smith, E., Troiani, V., Anderson, C., Moore, P., & Grossman, M. (2008). Medial temporal lobe involvement in an implicit memory task: Evidence of collaborating implicit and explicit memory systems from fMRI and Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2831–2843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light, L. L. (1991). Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 333–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, L., & Craik, F. I. (2008). Aging and memory: A cognitive approach. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(6), 346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, L., Hendriks, T., & Craik, F. I. (2007). Age differences in recollection: Three patterns of enhanced encoding. Psychology and Aging, 22(2), 269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, C. A., & Lloyd-Jones, T. J. (2006). Preserved conceptual priming in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 42(7), 995–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzoni, D., & Dannenberg, R. (2000). Audacity [software]. The Audacity Team, Pittsburg, PA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, M. E., Wammes, J. D., & Fernandes, M. A. (2018). Drawing as an encoding tool: Memorial benefits in younger and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 44(5), 369–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, M. E, Wammes, J. D, & Fernandes, M. A. (2019). Comparing the influence of doodling, drawing, and writing at encoding on memory. Canadian Journal Of Experimental Psychology/revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale, 73(1), 28–36. doi: 10.1037/cep0000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, J. E., & Meyers, K. R. (1995). Rey complex figure test and recognition trial: Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, M. K, & Ally, B. A. (2010). Using stimulus form change to understand memorial familiarity for pictures and words in patients with mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 2068-2074. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and language. In Imagery: Current cognitive approaches (pp. 7–32).Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perneczky, R., Wagenpfeil, S., Komossa, K., Grimmer, T., Diehl, J., & Kurz, A. (2006). Mapping scores onto stages: Mini-mental state examination and clinical dementia rating. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(2), 139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, B. H., Gurvit, H., Weintraub, S., Geula, C., Leimkuhler, E., & Mesulam, M. (1993). Neuropsychological patterns and language deficits in 20 consecutive cases of autopsy confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 50(9), 931–937.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Williamson, A., … Acker, J. D. (2005). Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: General trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cerebral Cortex, 15(11), 1676–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey, A. (1941). L’examen psychologique dans les cas d’encephalopathie traumatique. Archives de Psychologie, 28, 286–340.
   Google Scholar
• Scarmeas, N., Habeck, C. G., Zarahn, E., Anderson, K. E., Park, A., & Hilton, J., ... & Devanand, D. P. (2004). Covariance PET patterns in early Alzheimer's disease and subjects with cognitive impairment but no dementia: utility in group discrimination and correlations with functional performance. Neuroimage, 23(1), 35–45
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, E. I., & Fernandes, M. A. (2009). Age-related changes in the use of study context to increase recollection. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16(4), 377–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass, J. G, & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 6(2), 174-215. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.6.2.174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaidya, C. J., Zhao, M., Desmond, J. E., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Evidence for cortical specificity in episodic memory: Memory-induced re-activation of picture processing areas. Neuropsychologia, 40, 2136–2143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammes, J. D, Jonker, T. R, & Fernandes, M. A. (2019). Drawing improves memory: the importance of multimodal encoding context. Cognition, 191, 103955. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammes, J. D., Meade, M. E., & Fernandes, M. A. (2016). The drawing effect: Evidence for reliable and robust memory benefits in free recall. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69(9), 1752-1776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammes, J. D., Meade, M. E., & Fernandes, M. A. (2017). Learning terms and definitions: Drawing and the role of elaborative encoding. Acta Psychologica, 179, 104–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammes, J. D., Meade, M. E., & Fernandes, M. A. (2018). Creating a recollection-based memory through drawing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(5), 734–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammes, J. D., Roberts, B. R., & Fernandes, M. A. (2018). Task preparation as a mnemonic: The benefits of drawing (and not drawing). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 25, 2365–2372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2000). Memory’s echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 11125–11129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd, E., Smith, A. D., & Simon, E. W. (1982). Aging and the picture superiority effect in recall. Journal of Gerontology, 37(1), 70–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar