References
- Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Steve, W. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
- Berry, M. S., Repke, M. A., Nickerson, N. P., Conway, L. G., Odum, A. L., & Jordan, K. E. (2015). Making time for nature: Visual exposure to natural environments lengthens subjective time perception and reduces impulsivity. PLoS ONE, 10(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141030
- Bremner, A. J., Doherty, M. J., Caparos, S., de Fockert, J., Linnell, K. J., & Davidoff, J. (2016). Effects of culture and the Urban environment on the development of the ebbinghaus illusion. Child Development, 87(3), 962–981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12511
- Caparos, S., Ahmed, L., Bremner, A. J., de Fockert, J., Linnell, K. J., & Davidoff, J. (2012). Exposure to an urban environment alters the local bias of a remote culture. Cognition, 122(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.08.013
- Carson, N., Leach, L., & Murphy, K. J. (2018). A re-examination of montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(2), 379–388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4756
- Cassarino, M., O’Sullivan, V., Kenny, R. A., & Setti, A. (2016). Environment and cognitive aging: A cross-sectional study of place of residence and cognitive performance in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neuropsychology, 30(5), 543–557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000253
- Cassarino, M., O’Sullivan, V., Kenny, R. A., & Setti, A. (2018). Disabilities moderate the association between neighbourhood urbanity and cognitive health: Results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. Disability and Health Journal, 11(3), 359–366. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.12.002
- Cassarino, M., & Setti, A. (2015). Environment as “brain training”: A review of geographical and physical environmental influences on cognitive ageing. Ageing Research Reviews, 23, 167–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.06.003
- Cassarino, M., & Setti, A. (2016). Complexity as key to designing cognitive-friendly environments for older people. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(AUG), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01329
- Chan, J. S., Kaiser, J., Brandl, M., Matura, S., Prvulovic, D., Hogan, M., & Naumer, M. (2015). Expanded temporal binding windows in people with mild cognitive impairment. Current Alzheimer Research, 12(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205012666141218124744
- Contador, I., Bermejo-Pareja, F., Puertas-Martin, V., & Benito-Leon, J. (2015). Childhood and adulthood rural residence increases the risk of Dementia: NEDICES study. Current Alzheimer Research, 12(4), 350–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205012666150324181327
- de Fockert, J., Davidoff, J., Fagot, J., Parron, C., & Goldstein, J. (2007). More accurate size contrast judgments in the ebbinghaus illusion by a remote culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(3), 738–742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.33.3.738
- Denervaud, S., Genatz, E., Matusz, P. J., & Murray, M. M. (2020). Multisensory gains in simple detection predict global cognition in schoolchildren. Scientific Reports, 10, 1394. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58329-4
- Dupuis, K., Pichora-Fuller, M. K., Chasteen, A. L., Marchuk, V., Singh, G., & Smith, S. L. (2015). Effects of hearing and vision impairments on the montreal cognitive assessment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 22(4), 413–437. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2014.968084
- Ernst, M. O. (2010). From independence to fusion: A comprehensive model for multisensory integration. Journal of Vision. 5 8 650 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/5.8.650
- European Environment Agency. (2020). Potential quiet areas in Europe based upon the quietness suitability index (QSI), European Environment Agency, 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/quietness-suitability-index-qsi-1
- Hernández, B., Setti, A., Kenny, R. A., & Newell, F. N. (2019). Individual differences in ageing, cognitive status, and sex on susceptibility to the sound-induced flash illusion: A large-scale study. Psychology and Aging, 34(7), 978–990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000396
- Hirst, R. J., McGovern, D. P., Setti, A., Shams, L., & Newell, F. N. (2020). What you see is what you hear: Twenty years of research using the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 759–774. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.006
- Hirst, R. J., Setti, A., Kenny, R., & Newell, F. N. (2019). Age-related sensory decline mediates the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion: Evidence for reliability weighting models of multisensory perception. Scientific Reports, 9(19347). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55901-5
- Howard, I., & Templeton, W. B. (1966). Human spatial orientation. Wiley.
- Jia, J., Wang, F., Wei, C., Zhou, A., Jia, X., Li, F., Tang, M., Chu, L., Zhou, Y., Zhou, C., Cui, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, W., Yin, P., Hu, N., Zuo, X., Song, H., Qin, W., Wu, L., Jia, L., … Dong, X. (2014). The prevalence of dementia in urban and rural areas of China. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.01.012
- Keil, J. (2020). Double flash illusions: Current findings and future directions. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00298
- Lin, F. R., Yaffe, K., Xia, J., Xue, Q. L., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Ayonayon, H. N., Ferrucci, L., & Simonsick, E. M. (2013). Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(4), 293–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868
- Lin, M. Y., Gutierrez, P. R., Stone, K. L., Yaffe, K., Ensrud, K. E., Fink, H. A., Sarkisian, C. A., Coleman, A. L., & Mangione, C. M. (2004). Vision impairment and combined vision and hearing impairment predict cognitive and functional decline in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(12), 1996–2002. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52554.x
- Linnell KJ, Caparos S. Urbanisation, the arousal system, and covert and overt attentional selection. Curr Opin Psychol. 2020 Apr;32:100-104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.030. Epub 2019 Jul 21. PMID: 31430648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.030
- Linnell, K. J., Caparos, S., & Davidoff, J. (2014). Urbanization increases left-bias in line-bisection: an expression of elevated levels of intrinsic alertness?. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01127
- Linnell, K. J., Caparos, S., de Fockert, J. W., & Davidoff, J. (2013). Urbanization decreases attentional engagement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(5), 1232–1247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031139
- Loughrey, D. G., Kelly, M. E., Kelley, G. A., Brennan, S., & Lawlor, B. A. (2018). Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 144(2), 115–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2017.2513
- McGovern, D. P., Roudaia, E., Stapleton, J., McGinnity, T. M., & Newell, F. N. (2014). The sound-induced flash illusion reveals dissociable age-related effects in multisensory integration. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6(250), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00250
- Michail, G., & Keil, J. (2018). High cognitive load enhances the susceptibility to non-speech audiovisual illusions. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30007-6
- Murray, M. M., Eardley, A. F., Edginton, T., Oyekan, R., Smyth, E., & Matusz, P. J. (2018). Sensory dominance and multisensory integration as screening tools in aging. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 8901. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27288-2
- Nunes, B., Silva, R. D., Cruz, V. T., Roriz, J. M., Pais, J., & Silva, M. C. (2010). Prevalence and pattern of cognitive impairment in rural and urban populations from Northern portugal. BMC Neurology, 10, 42. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/10/42%5Cnhttp://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed9&NEWS=N&AN=2010401561
- Odegaard, B., Wozny, D. R., & Shams, L. (2016). The effects of selective and divided attention on sensory precision and integration. Neuroscience Letters, 614, 24–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.039
- R CoreTeam. (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org/
- Rosenthal, O., Shimojo, S., & Shams, L. (2009). Sound-induced flash illusion is resistant to feedback training. Brain Topography, 21(3–4), 185–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-009-0090-9
- See, A. Y., Anstey, K. J., & Wood, J. M. (2011). Simulated cataract and low contrast stimuli impair cognitive performance in older adults: Implications for neuropsychological assessment and everyday function. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 18(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2010.501404
- Setti, A., Burke, K. E., Kenny, R. A., & Newell, F. N. (2011). Is inefficient multisensory processing associated with falls in older people? Experimental Brain Research, 209(3), 375–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2560-z
- Setti, A., Stapleton, J., Leahy, D., Walsh, C., Kenny, R. A., & Newell, F. N. (2014). Improving the efficiency of multisensory integration in older adults: Audio-visual temporal discrimination training reduces susceptibility to the sound-induced flash illusion. Neuropsychologia, 61(1), 259–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.027
- Shams, L., & Beierholm, U. R. (2010). Causal inference in perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(9), 425–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.001
- Shams, L., Iwaki, S., Chawla, A., & Bhattacharya, J. (2005). Early modulation of visual cortex by sound: An MEG study. Neuroscience Letters, 378, 76–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.035
- Shams, L., Kamitani, Y., & Shimojo, S. (2000). What you see is what you hear. Nature, 408(6814), 788. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/35048669
- Shams, L., Kamitani, Y., & Shimojo, S. (2002). Visual illusion induced by sound. Cognitive Brain Research, 14(1), 147–152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00069-1
- Shams, L., Ma, W. J., & Beierholm, U. (2005). Sound-induced flash illusion as an optimal percept. NeuroReport, 16(17), 1923–1927. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000187634.68504.bb
- Stapleton, J., Setti, A., Doheny, E. P., Kenny, R. A., & Newell, F. N. (2014). A standing posture is associated with increased susceptibility to the sound-induced flash illusion in fall-prone older adults. Experimental Brain Research, 232(2), 423–434. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3750-7
- Ursino, M., Cuppini, C., Magosso, E., Beierholm, U., & Shams, L. (2019). Explaining the effect of likelihood manipulation and prior through a neural network of the audiovisual perception of space. Multisensory Research, 32(2), 87–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20191324
- van der Burg, E., Awh, E., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2013). The capacity of audiovisual integration is limited to one item. Psychological Science, 24(3), 345–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612452865
- Vogelsang, E. M. (2016). Older adult social participation and its relationship with health: Rural-urban differences. Health and Place, 42(September), 111–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.010
- Wang, A., Sang, H., He, J., Sava-Segal, C., Tang, X., & Zhang, M. (2019). Effects of cognitive expectation on sound-induced flash illusion. Perception, 48(12), 1214–1234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619885796
- Watkins, S., Shams, L., Josephs, O., & Rees, G. (2007). Activity in human V1 follows multisensory perception. NeuroImage, 37(2), 572–578. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.027
- Watkins, S., Shams, L., Tanaka, S., Haynes, J. D., & Rees, G. (2006). Sound alters activity in human V1 in association with illusory visual perception. NeuroImage, 31(3), 1247–1256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.016
- Weden, M. M., Shih, R. A., Kabeto, M. U., & Langa, K. M. (2018). Secular trends in dementia and cognitive impairment of U.S. rural and urban older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.10.021
- Welch, R. B., DutionHurt, L. D., & Warren, D. H. (1986). Contributions of audition and vision to temporal rate perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 39(4), 294–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03204939
- Whelan, B. J., Savva, G. M., 2013. Design and methodology of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 61, 265–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12199 61.
- White, H., & Shah, P. (2019). Attention in urban and natural environments. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 92(1), 115–120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6430180/thepubmedIDis30923478.
- Wilbiks, J. M. P., & Dyson, B. J. (2018). The contribution of perceptual factors and training on varying audiovisual integration capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(6), 871–884. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000503
- Wu, Y. T., Prina, A. M., & Brayne, C. (2015). The association between community environment and cognitive function: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(3), 351–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0945-6
- Wu, Y. T., Prina, A. M., Jones, A., Barnes, L. E., Matthews, F. E., Brayne, C., & CFAS, M. R. C. (2016). Land use mix and five-year mortality in later life: Results from the cognitive function and ageing study. Health and Place, 38, 54–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.12.002