Covariates of Production and Perseveration on Tests of Phonemic, Semantic and Alternating Fluency in Normal Aging

REFERENCES

• Bolla , K. I. , Gray , S. , Resnick , S. M. , Galante , R. and Kawas , C. 1998 . Category and letter fluency in highly educated older adults . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 : 330 – 338 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolla , K. I. , Lindgren , K. N. , Bonaccorsy , C. and Bleecker , M. L. 1990 . Predictors of verbal fluency (FAS) in the healthy elderly . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 46 : 623 – 628 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinley , J. F. 1965 . “ Cognitive sets, speed and accuracy of performance in the elderly ” . In Behavior, aging, and the nervous system , Edited by: Welford , A. T. and Birren , J. E. 114 – 149 . Springfield, IL : Mason .
   Google Scholar
• Capitani , E. , Laiacona , M. and Barbarotto , R. 1999 . Gender affects word retrieval of certain categories in semantic fluency tasks . Cortex , 35 : 273 – 278 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. R. , Bryan , J. , Luszcz , M. A. , Obonsawin , M. C. and Stewart , L. 2000 . The executive decline hypothesis of cognitive aging: do executive deficits qualify as differential deficits and do they mediate age-related memory decline? . Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition , 7 : 9 – 31 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. R. , Deary , I. J. , Starr , J. and Whalley , L. J. 2001 . The NART as an index of prior intellectual functioning: A retrospective validity study covering a 66-year interval . Psychological Medicine , 31 : 451 – 458 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. R. , Obonsawin , M. C. and Bremner , M. 1993 . Frontal lobe impairment in schizophrenia: relationship to intellectual functioning . Psychological Medicine , 23 : 787 – 790 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigneault , S. , Braun , C. M. J. and Whitaker , H. A. 1992 . Early effects of normal aging on perseverative and non- perseverative prefrontal measures . Developmental Neuropsychology , 8 : 99 – 114 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. , Kaplan , E. and Kramer , J. 2001 . Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System , Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Downes , J. J. , Sharp , H. M. , Costall , B. M. , Sagar , H. J. and Howe , J. 1993 . Alternating fluency in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 116 : 887 – 902 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foldi , N. S. , Helm-Estabrooks , N. , Redfield , J. and Nickel , D. G. 2003 . Perseveration in normal aging: A comparison of perseveration rates on design fluency and verbal generative tasks . Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition , 10 : 268 – 280 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourovitch , M. L. , Goldberg , T. E. and Weinberger , D. R. 1996 . Verbal fluency deficits in patients with schizophrenia: semantic fluency is differentially impaired as compared with phonologic fluency . Neuropsychology , 10 : 573 – 577 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood , P. M. 2000 . The frontal aging hypothesis evaluated . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 : 705 – 726 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillozet , A. L. , Weintraub , S. , Mash , D. C. and Mesulam , M. M. 2003 . Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid, and memory in aging and mild cognitive impairment . Archives of Neurology , 60 : 729 – 736 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. 2006 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and verbal fluency performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytic review . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 11 : 156 – 176 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry , J. D. and Crawford , J. R. 2004a . A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance following focal cortical lesions . Neuropsychology , 18 : 284 – 295 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. and Crawford , J. R. 2004b . A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance in traumatic brain injured patients . Neuropsychology , 18 : 621 – 628 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. and Crawford , J. R. 2004c . Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson's disease; A meta-analysis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 : 608 – 623 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. and Crawford , J. R. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in depression . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 : 78 – 101 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. and Crawford , J. R. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia relative to other neurocognitive deficits . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 10 : 1 – 33 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , Crawford , J. R. and Phillips , L. H. 2004a . Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A meta-analysis . Neuropsychologia , 42 : 1212 – 1222 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , Crawford , J. R. and Phillips , L. H. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in Huntington's disease . Neuropsychology , 19 : 243 – 252 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , Macleod , M. S. , Phillips , L. H. and Crawford , J. R. 2004b . A meta-analytic review of prospective memory and aging . Psychology and Aging , 19 : 27 – 39 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isingrini , M. and Vazou , F. 1997 . Relation between fluid intelligence and frontal lobe functioning in older adults . International Journal of Aging & Human Development , 45 : 99 – 109 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempler , D. , Teng , E. L. , Dick , M. , Taussig , I. M. and Davis , D. S. 1998 . The effects of age, education, and ethnicity on verbal fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 531 – 538 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keys , B. A. and White , D. A. 2000 . Exploring the relationship between age, executive abilities, and psychomotor speed . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 : 76 – 82 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopelman , M. D. 1991 . Frontal dysfunction and memory deficits in the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome and Alzheimer-type dementia . Brain , 114 : 117 – 134 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozora , E. and Cullum , C. M. 1995 . Generative naming in normal aging: Total output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic constraints . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 9 : 313 – 320 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leplow , B. , Dierks , C. , Herrman , P. , Pieper , N. , Annecke , R. and Ulm , G. 1997 . Remote memory in Parkinson's disease and senile dementia . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 547 – 557 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libon , D. J. , Glosser , G. , Malamut , B. L. , Kaplan , E. , Goldberg , E. , Swenson , R. and Sands , L. 1994 . Age, executive functions, and visuospatial functioning in healthy older adults . Neuropsychology , 8 : 38 – 43 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki , P. M. , Zonderman , A. B. and Weingartner , H. 1999 . Age differences in implicit memory: Fragmented object identification and category exemplar generation . Psychology and Aging , 14 : 284 – 294 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr , U. 2001 . Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity and response-set overlap . Psychology and Aging , 16 : 96 – 109 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. 1984 . Verbal fluency as a function of a measure of verbal intelligence and in relation to different types of cerebral pathology . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 23 : 53 – 57 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. and Howerter , A. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , M. and Winocur , G. 1992 . “ The neuropsychology of memory and aging ” . In The handbook of aging and cognition , Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Salthouse , T. A. 315 – 372 . Hillsdale, NJ : Larence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mountain , M. A. and Snow , W. G. 1993 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a measure of frontal pathology: A review . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 7 : 108 – 118 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. , Hunkin , N. M. and Walter , B. M. 1995 . Relationships between normal aging, frontal lobe function, and memory for temporal and spatial information . Neuropsychology , 9 : 304 – 312 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. and Java , R. I. 1999 . Deterioration of frontal lobe function in normal aging: Influences of fluid intelligence versus perceptual speed . Neuropsychology , 13 : 539 – 545 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. and Lawrence , A. 1994 . A dissociation in the relation between memory tasks and frontal lobe tests in the normal elderly . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 1523 – 1532 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , A. J. and Walter , B. M. 1991 . Aging, short-term memory, and frontal dysfunction . Psychobiology , 19 : 175 – 179 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Perlmuter , L. C. , Tun , P. , Sizer , N. , McGlinchey , R. E. and Nathan , D. M. 1987 . Age and diabetes related changes in verbal fluency . Experimental Aging Research , 13 : 9 – 14 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. H. 1999 . Age and individual differences in letter fluency . Developmental Neuropsychology , 15 : 249 – 267 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinz , P. N. , Scanlan , J. M. , Vitaliano , P. P. , Moe , K. E. , Borson , S. , Toivola , B. , Merriam , G. R. , Larson , L. H. and Reed , H. L. 1999 . Thyroid hormones: Positive relationships with cognition in healthy, euthyroid older men . Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 54 : M111 – M116 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. 1938 . Progressive matrices: A perceptual test of intelligence , London : H. K. Lewis and Co .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. and Raven , J. 1987 . A manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocbulary Tests , London : H. K. Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. and Raven , J. 1988 . The Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale: 1988 revision , London : H. K. Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Raz , N. , Gunning , F. M. , Head , D. , Dupuis , J. H. , McQuain , J. , Briggs , S. D. , Loken , W. J. , Thornton , A. E. and Acker , J. O. 1997 . Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter . Cerebral Cortex , 7 : 268 – 282 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz , N. , Gunning-Dixon , F. M. , Head , D. , Dupuis , J. H. and Acker , J. D. 1998 . Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging . Neuropsychology , 12 : 95 – 114 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz , N. , Rodrigue , K. M. , Head , D. , Kennedy , K. M. and Acker , J. D. 2004 . Differential aging of the medial temporal lobe – a study of a five-year change . Neurology , 62 : 433 – 438 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1994 . A selective and critical review of neuropsychological deficits and the frontal lobes . Neuropsychology Review , 4 : 161 – 195 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridderinkhof , K. R. , Span , M. M. and van der Molen , M. W. 2002 . Perseverative behavior and adaptive control in older adults: Performance mointoring, rule induction, and set shifting . Brain and Cognition , 49 : 382 – 401 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1991 . Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1996 . The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition . Psychological Review , 103 : 403 – 428 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Fristoe , N. and Rhee , S. H. 1996 . How localized are age-related effects on neuropsychological measures? . Neuropsychology , 10 : 272 – 285 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Fristoe , N. M. , McGuthry , K. E. and Hambrick , D. Z. 1998 . Relation of task switching to speed, age, and fluid intelligence . Psychology and Aging , 13 : 445 – 461 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scahill , R. I. , Frost , C. , Jenkins , R. , Whitwell , J. L. , Rossor , M. N. and Fox , N. C. 2003 . A longitudinal study of brain volume changes in normal aging using serial registered magnetic resonance imaging . Archives of Neurology , 60 : 989 – 994 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. and Parham , I. A. 1977 . Cohort-sequential analyses of adult intellectual development . Developmental Psychology , 13 : 649 – 653 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher , J. , Zedlick , D. and Frenzel , G. 1997 . Depression and cognitive impairment among nursing home residents . Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie , 30 : 46 – 53 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1988 . From neuropsychology to mental structure , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steiger , J. H. 1980 . Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix . Psychological Bulletin , 87 : 245 – 251 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Hamer , L. , Palumbo , C. , Dempster , R. , Binns , M. , Levine , B. and Izukawa , D. 1998 . The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 265 – 278 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. and Benson , D. F. 1986 . The frontal lobes , New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. and Gow , C. A. 1992 . “Frontal dysfunction” after traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 5 : 272 – 282 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Thurstone , L. L. and Thurstone , T. G. 1941 . Factorial studies of intelligence . Psychometric Monographs , 2 : 94 [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Tombaugh , T. N. , Kozak , J. and Rees , L. 1999 . Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 : 167 – 177 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomer , R. and Levin , B. E. 1993 . Differential effects of aging on two verbal fluency tasks . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 76 : 465 – 466 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. 2000 . Normative data for clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 370 – 378 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. and Moscovitch , M. 1996 . Clustering and switching on verbal fluency tests: Evidence from healthy controls and patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 2 : 11 [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. , Moscovitch , M. and Winocur , G. 1997 . Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: evidence from younger and older healthy adults . Neuropsychology , 11 : 138 – 146 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. , Moscovitch , M. , Winocur , G. , Alexander , M. P. and Stuss , D. 1998 . Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: The effects of focal frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions . Neuropsychologia , 36 : 499 – 504 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghen , P. 2003 . Aging and vocabulary scores: A meta-analysis . Psychology and Aging , 18 : 332 – 339 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghen , P. and Cerella , J. 2002 . Aging, executive control, and attention: A review of meta-analyses . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 26 : 849 – 857 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veroff , A. E. 1980 . The neuropsychology of aging: Qualitative analysis of visual reproductions . Psychological Research , 41 : 259 – 268 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . WAIS-R manual , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• West , R. L. 1996 . An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 272 – 292 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeudall , L. R. , Fromm , D. , Reddon , J. R. and Stefanyk , W. O. 1986 . Normative data stratified by age and sex for 12 neuropsychological tests . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 42 : 918 – 946 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar