Neuropsychological Outcomes of Preterm Triplets Discordant for Birthweight: A Case Report

REFERENCES

• Ahronovich , M. , Litman , F. , Baron , I. S. , Gidley-Larson , J. C. , & Beck , R. ( 2006 ). Neurocognitive development and motor outcome of extremely low birth weight children at age six . Journal of Perinatology , 26 , 583 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , M. C. , & Donohue , P. K. ( 2002 ). Neuromaturation of multiples . Seminars in Neonatology , 7 , 211 – 221 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson , P. , & Doyle , L. W. ( 2003 ). Neurobehavioral outcomes of school-age children born extremely low birth weight or very preterm in the 1990s . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 , 3264 – 3272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aylward , G. P. , Pfeiffer , S. L. , Wright , A. , & Verhulst , S. J. ( 1989 ). Outcome studies of low birth weight infants published in the last decade: A meta-analysis . Journal of Pediatrics , 115 , 515 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , I. S. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological evaluation of the child . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , I. S. , Fennell , E. B. , & Voeller , K. K. S. ( 1995 ). Pediatric neuropsychology in the medical setting . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , I. S. , Litman , F. , Ahronovich , M. , & Gidley Larson , J. ( 2006 ). School-aged neuropsychological outcome of extremely low birth weight children . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 , 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. , Lutchmaya , S. , & Knickmeyer , R. ( 2004 ). Prenatal testosterone in mind: Amniotic fluid studies . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baud , O. ( 2001 ). Is perinatal dexamethasone treatment safe in preterm infants? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology Supplement , 86 , 23 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beery , K. E. (1989). The VMI Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration: Administration, scoring, and teaching manual () , 3rd ed.. Cleveland , OH : Modern Curriculum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bracewell , M. A. , & Marlow , N. ( 2002 ). Patterns of motor disability in very preterm children . Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review , 8 , 241 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breslau , N. , Paneth , N. S. , & Lucia , V. C. ( 2004 ). The lingering academic deficits of low birth weight children . Pediatrics , 114 , 1035 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brothwood , M. , Wolke , D. , Gamsu , H. , Benson , J. , & Cooper , D. ( 1986 ). Prognosis of the very low birthweight baby in relation to gender . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 61 , 559 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , R. W. , Rorsman , I. , Hill , J. M. , & Tuma , R. ( 1993 ). The effects of frontal brain impairment on fluency: Simple and complex paradigms . Neuropsychology , 7 , 519 – 529 .
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Fetus and Newborn. ( 2002 ). Postnatal corticosteroids to treat or prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants . Pediatrics , 109 , 330 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsi , P. M. ( 1972 ). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain . Dissertation Abstracts International , 34 , 819 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , L. M. , Lim , S. B. , & Clarke , L. ( 2003 ). Eight-year outcome of very-low-birth-weight infants born in KK hospital . Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore , 32 , 354 – 361 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis , C. J. , Knopik , V. S. , Wadsworth , S. J. , & DeFries , J. C. ( 2000 ). Self-reported reading problems in parents of twins with reading difficulties . Twin Research , 3 , 88 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decker , S. N. , & Bender , B. G. ( 1988 ). Converging evidence for multiple genetic forms of reading disability . Brain and Language , 33 , 197 – 215 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denckla , M. B. ( 1974 ). Development of motor coordination in normal children . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 16 , 729 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla , M. B. ( 1985 ). Revised neurological examination for subtle signs . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 21 , 773 – 779 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla , M. B. , & Cutting , L. E. ( 1999 ). History and significance of rapid automatized naming . Annals of Dyslexia , 49 , 29 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. , Yeates , K. , Taylor , H. G. , & Fletcher , J. M. ( 2006 ). Brain reserve capacity, cognitive reserve capacity, and age-based functional plasticity after congenital and acquired brain injury in children . In Y. Stern (Ed.), Cognitive reserve . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , D. G. , Crawford , S. G. , Creighton , D. E. , & Sauve , R. S. ( 1999 ). Long-term neuropsychological outcomes in very low birth weight children free of sensorineural impairments . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 , 851 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downie , A. L. , Frisk , V. , & Jakobson , L. S. ( 2005 ). The impact of periventricular brain injury on reading and spelling abilities in the late elementary and adolescent years . Child Neuropsychology , 11 , 479 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , L. W. ( 2004 ). Changing availability of neonatal intensive care for extremely low birthweight infants in Victoria over two decades . The Medical Journal of Australia , 181 , 136 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott , C. D. ( 1990 ). Differential ability scales . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Faraone , S. V. , & Doyle , A. E. ( 2001 ). The nature and heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America , 10 , 299 – 316 , viii–ix .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone , S. V. , Perlis , R. H. , Doyle , A. E. , Smoller , J. W. , Goralnick , J. J. , Holmgren , M. A. , et al. ( 2005 ). Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 57 , 1313 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer , J. E. , Donders , J. , & Warschausky , S. ( 2006 ). Treating neurodevelopmental disabilities: Clinical research and practice . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farrell Pagulayan , K. , Busch , R. M. , Medina , K. L. , Bartok , J. A. , & Krikorian , R. (2006). Developmental normative data for the Corsi Block-tapping task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28, 1043–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , S. E. , Francks , C. , Marlow , A. J. , MacPhie , I. L. , Newbury , D. F. , Cardon , L. R. , et al. ( 2002 ). Independent genome-wide scans identify a chromosome 18 quantitative-trait locus influencing dyslexia . Nature Genetics , 30 , 86 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francks , C. , Fisher , S. E. , Olson , R. K. , Pennington , B. F. , Smith , S. D. , DeFries , J. C. , et al. ( 2002 ). Fine mapping of the chromosome 2p12-16 dyslexia susceptibility locus: Quantitative association analysis and positional candidate genes SEMA4F and OTX1 . Psychiatric Genetics , 12 , 35 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francks , C. , Paracchini , S. , Smith , S. D. , Richardson , A. J. , Scerri , T. S. , Cardon , L. R. , et al. ( 2004 ). A 77-kilobase region of chromosome 6p22.2 is associated with dyslexia in families from the United Kingdom and from the United States . American Journal of Human Genetics , 75 , 1046 – 1058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , M. C. , Chhabildas , N. , Budhiraja , N. , Willcutt , E. G. , & Pennington , B. F. ( 2003 ). Etiology of the comorbidity between RD and ADHD: Exploration of the non-random mating hypothesis . American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 120 , 109 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , C. D. , Friston , K. J. , Liddle , P. F. , & Frackowiak , R. S. ( 1991 ). A PET study of word finding . Neuropsychologia , 2 , 1137 – 1148 .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , M. O. , Goldenberg , R. L. , Cliver , S. P. , Tucker , J. M. , Nelson , K. G. , & Copper , R. L. ( 1995 ). The origin and outcome of preterm twin preganancies . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 85 , 553 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. A. , & Broman , M. ( 1979 ). The Purdue Pegboard: Normative data on 1334 school children . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 1 , 156 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Gidley-Larson , J. C. , Litman , F. , Ahronovich , M. , & Baron , I. S. ( 2006 ). Effect of extremely low birthweight on neuromotor examination in school age children . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 , 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Gioia , G. A. , Isquith , P. K. , Guy , S. C. , & Kenworthy , L. ( 2000 ). Behavior rating inventory of executive function . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Glascoe , F. P. ( 2001 ). Parent's Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) . Nashville , TN : Ellsworth & Vandermeer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goyen , T. A. , Lui , K. , & Woods , R. ( 1998 ). Visual-motor, visual-perceptual, and fine motor outcomes in very-low-birthweight children at 5 years . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 40 , 76 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigorenko , E. L. ( 2001 ). Developmental dyslexia: An update on genes, brains, and environments . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 , 91 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimshaw , G. M. , Sitarenios , G. , & Finegan , J. A. ( 1995 ). Mental rotation at 7 years: Relations with prenatal testosterone levels and spatial play experiences . Brain and Cognition , 29 , 85 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , S. J. , Anbar , R. D. , & Mettelman , B. B. ( 2005 ). Follow-up at 15 years of preterm infants from a controlled trial of moderately early dexamethasone for the prevention of chronic lung disease . Pediatrics , 115 , 681 – 687 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hack , M. , Klein , N. K. , & Taylor , H. G. ( 1995 ). Long term developmental outcome of low birth weight infants . In P. Shiono & R. Behrman (Eds.), The future of children: Low birth weight ( Vol. 5 , pp. 176 – 196 ). Los Altos , CA : Packard Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Hack , M. , Taylor , H. G. , Drotar , D. , Schluchter , M. , Cartar , L. , Andreias , L. , et al. ( 2005 ). Chronic conditions, functional limitations, and special health care needs of school-aged children born with extremely low-birth-weight in the 1990s . Journal of the American Medical Association , 294 , 318 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack , M. , Taylor , H. G. , Klein , N. , Eiben , R. , Schatschneider , C. , & Mercuri-Minich , N. (1994). School-age outcomes in children with birth weights under 750 g. New England Journal of Medicine , 331, 753–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack , M. , Wilson-Costello , D. , Friedman , H. , Taylor , H. G. , Schluchter , M. , & Fanaroff , A. A. ( 2000 ). Neurodevelopment and predictors of outcomes of children with birth weights of less than 1000 g . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 154 , 725 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack , M. , Youngstrom , E. A. , Cartar , L. , Schluchter , M. , Taylor , H. G. , Flannery , D. , et al. ( 2004 ). Behavioral outcomes and evidence of psychopathology among very low birth weight infants at age 20 years . Pediatrics , 114 , 932 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakansson , S. , Farooqi , A. , Holmgren , P. A. , Serenius , F. , & Hogberg , U. ( 2004 ). Proactive management promotes outcome in extremely preterm infants: A population-based comparison of two perinatal management strategies . Pediatrics , 114 , 58 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallgren , B. ( 1950 ). Specific dyslexia (“congenital word blindness”): A clinical and genetic study . Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica, supplement , 65 , 1 – 287 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halliday , H. L. ( 2001 ). Guidelines on neonatal steroids . Prenatal Neonatal Medicine , 6 , 371 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Hille , E. T. , den Ouden , A. L. , Bauer , L. , van den Oudenrijn , C. , Brand , R. , & Verloove-Vanhorick , S. P. ( 1994 ). School performance at nine years of age in very premature and very low birth weight infants: Perinatal risk factors and predictors at five years of age. Collaborative Project on Preterm and Small for Gestational Age (POPS) Infants in The Netherlands . Journal of Pediatrics , 125 , 426 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintz , S. R. , Kendrick , D. E. , Stoll , B. J. , Vohr , B. R. , Fanaroff , A. A. , Donovan , E. F. , et al. ( 2005 ). Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis . Pediatrics , 115 , 696 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekstra , R. E. , Ferrara , T. B. , Couser , R. J. , Payne , N. R. , & Connett , J. E. ( 2004 ). Survival and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely premature infants born at 23–26 weeks' gestational age at a tertiary center . Pediatrics , 113 (Pt 1) , e1 – e6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugdahl , K. , Lundervold , A. , Ersland , L. , Smievoll , A. I. , Sundberg , H. , Barndon , R. , et al. ( 1999 ). Left frontal activation during a semantic categorization task: An fMRI-study . International Journal of Neuroscience , 99 , 49 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulslander , J. , Talcott , J. , Witton , C. , DeFries , J. , Pennington , B. , Wadsworth , S. , et al. ( 2004 ). Sensory processing, reading, IQ, and attention . Journal of Experimental and Child Psychology , 88 , 274 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobson , L. S. , Frisk , V. , Knight , R. M. , Downie , A. L. , & Whyte , H. ( 2001 ). The relationship between periventricular brain injury and deficits in visual processing among extremely-low-birthweight (< 1000 g) children . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 26 , 503 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe , A. H. ( 2004 ). Postnatal corticosteroids for preterm infants—do what we say, not what we do . New England Journal of Medicine , 350 , 1349 – 1351 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keith , L. G. , & Oleszczuk , J. J. ( 2002 ). Triplet births in the United States. An epidemic of high-risk pregnancies . Journal of Reproductive Medicine , 47 , 259 – 265 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kesler , S. R. , Ment , L. R. , Vohr , B. , Pajot , S. K. , Schneider , K. C. , Katz , K. H. , et al. ( 2004 ). Volumetric analysis of regional cerebral development in preterm children . Pediatric Neurology , 31 , 318 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , D. ( 1999 ). Sex and cognition . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leonard , C. H. , Piecuch , R. E. , Ballard , R. A. , & Cooper , B. A. B. ( 1994 ). Outcome of very low birth weight infants: Multiple gestation versus singletons . Pediatrics , 93 , 611 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodygensky , G. A. , Rademaker , K. , Zimine , S. , Gex-Fabry , M. , Lieftink , A. F. , Lazeyras , F. , et al. ( 2005 ). Structural and functional brain development after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease . Pediatrics , 116 , 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke , B. , Brown , M. B. , Hediger , M. L. , Misiunas , R. B. , & Anderson , E. ( 2006 ). Perinatal and early childhood outcomes of twins versus triplets . Twin Research Human Genetics , 9 , 81 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maayan-Metzger , A. , Naor , N. , & Sirota , L. (2002). Comparative outcome study between triplet and singleton preterm newborns. Acta Paediatrica , 91, 1208–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly , T. , Robertson , I. H. , Anderson , V. , & Nimmo-Smith , I. ( 1999 ). The test of everyday attention for children: Manual . Bury St. Edmunds , UK : Thames Valley Test Company Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Marlow , N. , Wolke , D. , Bracewell , M. A. , & Samara , M. ( 2005 ). Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth . New England Journal of Medicine , 352 , 9 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A. , Wiggs , C. L. , Lalonde , F. , & Mack , C. ( 1994 ). Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks . Neuropsychologia , 32 , 1487 – 1494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , M. C. ( 1994 ). Survival of very tiny babies—good news and bad news . New England Journal of Medicine , 331 , 802 – 803 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGrath , L. M. , Smith , S. D. , & Pennington , B. F. ( 2006 ). Breakthroughs in the search for dyslexia candidate genes . Trends in Molecular Medicine , 12 , 333 – 341 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ment , L. R. , Vohr , B. R. , Allan , W. , Westerveld , M. , Sparrow , S. S. , Schneider , K. , et al. ( 2000 ). Outcome of children in the indomethacin intraventricular hemorrhage prevention trial . Pediatrics , 105 , 485 – 491 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikkola , K. , Ritari , N. , Tommiska , V. , Salokorpi , T. , Lehtonen , L. , Tammela , O. , et al. ( 2005 ). Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age of a national cohort of extremely low birth weight infants who were born in 1996–1997 . Pediatrics , 116 , 1391 – 1400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. ( 1984 ). Verbal fluency as a function of a measure of verbal intelligence and in relation to different types of cerebral pathology . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 23 , 53 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyahara , M. , Jongmans , M. J. , Mercuri , E. , de Vries , L. S. , Henderson , L. , & Henderson , S. E. ( 2003 ). Multiple birth versus neonatal brain lesions in children born prematurely as predictors of perceptuo-motor impairment at age 6 . Developmental Neuropsychology , 24 , 435 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monset-Couchard , M. , de Bethmann , O. , & Relier , J.-P. ( 2004 ). Long-term outcome of small versus appropriate size for gestational age co-twins/triplets . Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition Archive , 89 , F310 – F314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , D. W. , Robinson , L. , Turic , D. , Duke , M. , Webb , V. , Milham , C. , et al. ( 2000 ). Family-based association mapping provides evidence for a gene for reading disability on chromosome 15q . Human Molecular Genetics , 9 , 843 – 848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narberhaus , A. , Giménez-Navarro , M. , Caldú-Ferrús , X. , Botet-Mussons , F. , Bargalló , N. , & Segarra-Castells , M. D. ( 2003 ). A neuropsychological study of triplets with a history of prematurity . Revista de Neurologia , 37 , 118 – 121 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen , H. C. , Harvey-Wilkes , K. , MacKinnon , B. , & Hung , S. ( 1997 ). Neonatal outcome of very premature infants from multiple and singleton gestations . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 177 , 653 – 659 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parks , R. W. , Lowenstein , D. A. , Dodrill , K. L. , Barker , W. W. , Yoshii , F. , Chang , J. Y. , et al. ( 1988 ). Cerebral metabolic effects of a verbal fluency test: A PET scan study . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 10 , 565 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrill , S. , Deater-Deckard , K. , Thompson , L. A. , DeThorne , L. S. , & Schatschneider , C. ( 2006 ). Reading skills in early readers: Genetic and shared environmental influences . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 39 , 48 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. A. , Hyder , F. , Blamire , A. M. , & Schulman , R. G. ( 1997 ). FMRI of the prefrontal cortex during overt verbal fluency . NeuroReport , 8 , 561 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatt , A. L. , Fields , J. A. , Paolo , A. M. , & Troster , A. I. ( 2004 ). Action verbal fluency normative data for the elderly . Brain and Language , 89 , 580 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss , A. L. , Kesler , S. R. , Vohr , B. , Duncan , C. C. , Katz , K. H. , Pajot , S. , et al. (2004). Sex differences in cerebral volumes of 8-year-olds born preterm. Journal of Pediatrics , 145, 242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. , & Kamphaus , R. W. ( 1998 ). Behavior assessment system for children. Parent rating scale . Circle Pines , MN : American Guidance Services, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Rickards , A. L. , Kitchen , W. H. , Doyle , L. W. , Ford , G. W. , Kelly , E. A. , & Callanan , C. ( 1993 ). Cognition, school performance, and behavior in very low birth weight and normal birth weight children at 8 years of age: A longitudinal study . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 14 , 363 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riva , D. , Nichelli , F. , & Devoti , M. ( 2000 ). Developmental aspects of verbal fluency and confrontation naming in children . Brain and Language , 71 , 267 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushe , T. M. , Rifkin , L. , Stewart , A. L. , Townsend , J. P. , Roth , S. C. , Wyatt , J. S. , et al. ( 2001 ). Neuropsychological outcome at adolescence of very preterm birth and its relation to brain structure . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 43 , 226 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saigal , S. , Hoult , L. A. , Streiner , D. L. , Stoskopf , B. L. , & Rosenbaum , P. L. ( 2000 ). School difficulties at adolescence in a regional cohort of children who were extremely low birth weight . Pediatrics , 105 , 325 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saigal , S. , Rosenbaum , P. , Szatmari , P. , & Campbell , D. ( 1991 ). Learning disabilities and school problems in a regional cohort of extremely low birth weight (less than 1000 g) children: A comparison with term controls . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 12 , 294 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufelberger , M. , Senhorini , M. C. , Barreiros , M. A. , Amaro , E. Jr., Menezes , P. R. , Scazufca , M. , et al. ( 2005 ). Frontal and anterior cingulate activation during overt verbal fluency in patients with first episode psychosis . Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria , 27 , 228 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , B. , Asztalos , E. V. , Roberts , R. S. , Robertson , C. M. , Sauve , R. S. , & Whitfield , M. F. ( 2003 ). Impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, brain injury, and severe retinopathy on the outcome of extremely low-birth-weight infants at 18 months: Results from the trial of indomethacin prophylaxis in preterms . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 , 1124 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selzer , S. C. , Lindgren , S. D. , & Blackman , J. A. ( 1992 ). Long-term neuropsychological outcome of high risk infants with intracranial hemorrhage . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 17 , 407 – 422 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seoud , M. A. , Kruithoff , C. , & Muasher , S. J. ( 1991 ). Outcome of triplet and quadruplet pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization . European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology , 41 , 79 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silveri , M. C. , Salvigni , B. L. , Cappa , A. , Della Vedova , C. , & Puopolo , M. ( 2003 ). Impairment of verb processing in frontal variant-frontotemporal dementia: A dysexecutive symptom . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 16 , 296 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrablin , S. , Kuvacic , I. , Kalafatic , D. , Peter , B. , Gveric-Ahmetasevic , S. , Letica-Protega , N. , et al. ( 2002 ). Perinatal care improves the outcome of triplets . European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology , 104 , 26 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevenson , J. , Langley , K. , Pay , H. , Payton , A. , Worthington , J. , Ollier , W. , et al. ( 2005 ). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with reading disabilities: Preliminary genetic findings on the involvement of the ADRA2A gene . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 , 1081 – 1088 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , A. L. , Rifkin , L. , Amess , P. N. , Kirkbride , V. , Townsend , J. P. , Miller , D. H. , et al. ( 1999 ). Brain structure and neurocognitive and behavioural function in adolescents who were born very preterm . The Lancet , 353 , 1653 – 1657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , H. G. , Klein , N. , Minich , N. , & Hack , M. ( 2000 ). Middle-school-age outcomes in children with very low birthweight . Child Development , 71 , 1495 – 1511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , H. G. , Klein , N. , Schatschneider , C. , & Hack , M. (1998). Predictors of early school age outcomes in very low birthweight children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 19, 235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , H. G. , Klein , N. K. , & Hack , M. ( 2000 ). School-age consequences of birth weight less than 750g: A review and update . Developmental Neuropsychology , 17 , 289 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffin , J. , & Asher , E. J. ( 1948 ). The Purdue Pegboard: Norms and studies of reliability and validity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 32 , 234 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tommiska , V. , Heinonen , K. , Kero , P. , Pokela , M. L. , Tammela , O. , Jarvenpaa , A. L. , et al. ( 2003 ). A national two year follow up study of extremely low birthweight infants born in 1996–1997 . Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition Archive , 88 , F29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tommiska , V. , Ostberg , M. , & Fellman , V. ( 2002 ). Parental stress in families of 2 year old extremely low birthweight infants . Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition Archive , 86 , F161 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranel , D. , Adolphs , R. , Damasio , H. , & Damasio , A. R. ( 2001 ). A neural basis for the retrieval of words for actions . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 18 , 655 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha , O. , Smely , C. , & Lange , K. W. ( 1999 ). Verbal and figural fluency in patients with mass lesions of the left or right frontal lobes . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 , 229 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohr , B. R. , Allan , W. C. , Westerveld , M. , Schneider , K. C. , Katz , K. H. , et al. ,. ( 2003 ). School-age outcomes of very low birth weight infants in the indomethacin intraventricular hemorrhage prevention trial . Pediatrics , 111 (4 Pt 1) , e340 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Vohr , B. R. , Wright , L. , Dusick , A. , Mele , L. , Verter , J. , Steichen , J. J. , et al. ( 2000 ). Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993–1994 . Pediatrics , 105 , 1216 – 1226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. K. , Torgesen , J. K. , & Rashotte , C. A. ( 1999 ). Examiner's manual: The comprehensive test of phonological processing . Austin , TX : PRO-ED, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Warburton , E. , Wise , R. J. , Price , C. J. , Weiller , C. , Hadar , U. , Ramsay , S. , et al. ( 1996 ). Noun and verb retrieval by normal subjects. Studies with PET . Brain , 119 , 159 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J. M. , Balota , D. A. , & Sergent-Marshall , S. D. ( 2001 ). Semantic, phonological, and hybrid veridical and false memories in healthy older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type . Neuropsychology , 15 , 254 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 2003 ). Wechsler intelligence scale for children- fourth edition . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weisglas-Kuperus , N. , Baerts , W. , Smrkovsky , M. , & Sauer , P. J. ( 1993 ). Effects of biological and social factors on the cognitive development of very low birth weight children . Pediatrics , 92 , 658 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield , M. F. , Grunau , R. V. , & Holsti , L. ( 1997 ). Extremely premature (< or = 800 g) schoolchildren: Multiple areas of hidden disability . Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition Archive , 77 , F85 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Pennington , B. F. , Olson , R. K. , Chhabildas , N. , & Hulslander , J. ( 2005 ). Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 , 35 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff , P. H. , & Melngailis , I. ( 1994 ). Family patterns of developmental dyslexia: Clinical findings . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 54 , 122 – 131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolff , P. H. , Melngailis , I. , & Kotwica , K. ( 1996 ). Family patterns of developmental dyslexia. Part III: Spelling errors as behavioral phenotype . American Journal of Medical Genetics Supplement , 67 , 378 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolff , P. H. , Melngailis , I. , Obregon , M. , & Bedrosian , M. (1995). Family patterns of developmental dyslexia, part II: Behavioral phenotypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 60, 494–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood , F. B. , & Grigorenko , E. L. ( 2001 ). Emerging issues in the genetics of dyslexia: A methodological preview . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 34 , 503 – 511 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods , S. P. , Scott , J. C. , Sires , D. A. , Grant , I. , Heaton , R. K. , Troster , A. I. , et al. ( 2005 ). Action (verb) fluency: Test–retest reliability, normative standards, and construct validity . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 , 408 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeates , K. O. , Taylor , H. G. , Drotar , D. , Wade , S. , Stancin , T. , & Klein , S. ( 1997 ). Preinjury family environment as a determinant of recovery from traumatic brain injury in school-age children . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 , 617 – 630 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeh , T. F. , Lin , Y. J. , Lin , H. C. , Huang , C. C. , Hsieh , W. S. , Lin , C. H. , et al. ( 2004 ). Outcomes at school age after postnatal dexamethasone therapy for lung disease of prematurity . New England Journal of Medicine , 350 , 1304 – 1313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziadeh , S. M. ( 2000 ). Perinatal outcome in 41 sets of triplets . Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation , 50 , 162 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar