496
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
CLINICAL ISSUES

Construct Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 in Patients with Stroke

, , &
Pages 273-287 | Accepted 07 Jan 2007, Published online: 09 Apr 2008

REFERENCES

  • Almkvist , O. , Backman , L. , Basun , H. , & Wahlund , L. O. ( 1993 ). Patterns of neuropsychological performance in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia . Cortex , 29 , 661 – 673 .
  • Arbuckle , J. L. , & Wothke , W. ( 1999 ). AMOS 4.0 user's guide . Chicago , IL : Small Waters .
  • Axelrod , B. N. , Henry , R. R. , & Woodard , J. L. (1992). Analysis of an abbreviated form of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6, 27–31.
  • Ballard , C. , Stephens , S. , Kenny , R. , Kalaria , R. , Tovee , M. , & O'Brie , J. ( 2003 ). Profile of neuropsychological deficits in older stroke survivors without dementia . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 16 , 52 – 56 .
  • Bell , M. D. , Greig , T. C. , Kaplan , E. , & Bryson , G. ( 1997 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test dimensions in schizophrenia: Factorial, predictive, and divergent validity . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 , 933 – 941 .
  • Boyle , P. A. , Paul , R. H. , Moser , D. J. , & Cohen , R. A. ( 2004 ). Executive impairments predict functional declines in vascular dementia . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 18 , 75 – 82 .
  • Cuesta , M. J. , Peralta , V. , Caro , F. , & de Leon , J. ( 1995 ). Schizophrenic syndrome and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test dimensions . Psychiatry Research , 58 , 45 – 51 .
  • Cummings , J. L. ( 1993 ). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior . Archives of Neurology , 50 , 873 – 880 .
  • Desmond , D. W. ( 2004 ). The neuropsychology of vascular cognitive impairment: Is there a specific cognitive deficit? Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 226 , 3 – 7 .
  • Ebrahim , S. , Nouri , F. , & Barer , D. ( 1985 ). Cognitive impairment after stroke . Age & Ageing , 14 , 345 – 348 .
  • Ferguson , E. , & Cox , T. ( 1993 ). Exploratory factor analysis: A users' guide . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 1 , 84 – 94 .
  • Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. , & McHugh , P. R. ( 1975 ). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 , 189 – 198 .
  • Foulkes , M. A. , Wolf , P. A. , Price , T. R. , Mohr , J. P. , Hier , D. B. ( 1988 ). The Stroke Data Bank: Design, methods, and baseline characteristics . Stroke , 19 , 547 – 554 .
  • Garrett , K. D. , Browndyke , J. N. , Whelihan , W. , Paul , R. H. , DiCarlo , M. , Moser , D. , et al. ( 2004 ). The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment–no dementia: Comparisons to patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 , 745 – 757 .
  • Garson , G. D. ( 2006 ). Structural equation modeling . Available at http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/structur.htm.
  • Goldman , R. S. , Axelrod , B. N. , Heaton , R. K. , Chelune , G. J. , Curtiss , G. , Kay , G. G. , et al. ( 1996 ). Latent structure of the WCST with the standardization sample . Assessment , 3 , 73 – 78 .
  • Greve , K. W. , Bianchini , K. J. , Hartley , S. M. , & Adams , D. ( 1999 ). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in stroke rehabilitation: Factor structure and relationship to outcome . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 , 497 – 509 .
  • Greve , K. W. , Brooks , J. , Crouch , J. A. , Williams , M. C. , & Rice , W. J. ( 1997 ). Factorial structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 , 283 – 284 .
  • Greve , K. W. , Ingram , F. , & Bianchini , K. J. ( 1998 ). Latent structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in a clinical sample . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 , 597 – 609 .
  • Greve , K. W. , Love , J. M. , Sherwin , E. , Mathias , C. W. , Ramzinski , P. , & Levy , J. ( 2002 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in chronic severe traumatic brain injury: Factor structure and performance subgroups . Brain Injury , 16 , 29 – 40 .
  • Greve , K. W. , Stickle , T. R. , Love , J. M. , Bianchini , K. J. , & Stanford , M. S. ( 2005 ). Latent structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A confirmatory factor analytic study . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 , 355 – 364 .
  • Guo , N. W. , Liu , H. C. , Wong , P. F. , Liao , K. K. , Yan , S. H. , Lin , K. P. , et al. ( 1988 ). Chinese version and norms of the Mini-Mental State Examination . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Association Republic of China , 16 , 52 – 59 .
  • Heaton , S. K. , Chelune , G. J. , Talley , J. L. , Kay , G. G. , & Curtiss , G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Hu , L. T. , & Bentler , P. M. ( 1995 ). Evaluating model fit . In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and application (pp. 76 – 99 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
  • Hu , L. T. , & Bentler , P. M. ( 1999 ). Cut off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 , 1 – 55 .
  • Joreskog , K. G. , & Sorbom , D. ( 1996 ). LISREL 8: User's reference guide . Chicago , IL : Scientific Software International, Inc .
  • Kilada , S. , Gamaldo , A. , Grant , E. A. , Moghekar , A. , Morris , J. C. , & O'Brien , R. J. ( 2005 ). Brief screening tests for the diagnosis of dementia: Comparison with the mini-mental state exam . Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders , 19 , 8 – 16 .
  • Kongs , S. K. , Thompson , L. L. , Iverson , G. L. , & Heaton , R. K. ( 2000 ). WCST-64: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test–64 card version professional manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Love , J. M. , Greve , K. W. , Sherwin , E. , & Mathias , C. ( 2003 ). Comparability of the standard WCST and WCST-64 in traumatic brain injury . Applied Neuropsychology , 10 , 246 – 251 .
  • MacCallum , R. C. , & Austin , J. T. ( 2000 ). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 , 201 – 226 .
  • Madureira , S. , Guerreiro , M. , & Ferro , J. M. ( 2001 ). Dementia and cognitive impairment three months after stroke . European Journal of Neurology , 8 , 621 – 627 .
  • Marsh , H. W. , Balla , J. R. , & MacDonald , R. P. ( 1988 ). Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size . Psychological Bulletin , 103 , 391 – 410 .
  • Mok , V. C. , Wong , A. , Lam , W. W. , Fan , Y. H. , Tang , W. K. , Kwok , T. , et al. ( 2004 ). Cognitive impairment and functional outcome after stroke associated with small vessel disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 75 , 560 – 566 .
  • Monchi , O. , Petrides , M. , Petre , V. , Worsley , K. , & Dagher , A. ( 2001 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting revisited: Distinct neural circuits participating in different stages of the task identified by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging . Journal of Neuroscience , 21 , 7733 – 7741 .
  • Nelson , H. E. ( 1974 ). A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe deficits . Cortex , 12 , 313 – 324 .
  • Osmon , D. C. , & Suchy , Y. ( 1996 ). Fractionating frontal lobe functions: Factors of the Milwaukee Card Sorting Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 11 , 541 – 552 .
  • Paolo , A. M. , Axelrod , B. N. , Tröster , A. I. , Blackwell , K. T. , & Koller , W. C. ( 1996 ). Utility of a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short form in persons with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 18 , 892 – 897 .
  • Paolo , A. M. , Tröster , A. I. , Axelrod , B. N. , & Koller , W. C. ( 1995 ). Construct validity of the WCST in normal elderly and persons with Parkinson's disease . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 10 , 463 – 473 .
  • Pearson , J. L. , Cherrier , M. , & Terri , L. ( 1989 ). The mini mental state exam and the mental status questionnaire: Depression in Alzheimer's disease . Clinical Gerontologist , 8 , 31 – 37 .
  • Pohjasvaara , T. , Leskela , M. , Vataja , R. , Kalska , H. , Ylikoski , R. , Hietanen , M. , et al. ( 2002 ). Post-stroke depression, executive dysfunction and functional outcome . European Journal of Neurology , 9 , 269 – 275 .
  • Robinson , L. J. , Kester , D. B. , Saykin , A. J. , Kaplan , E. F. , & Gur , R. C. ( 1991 ). Comparison of two short forms of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 6 , 27 – 33 .
  • Royall , D. R. ( 2000 ). Executive cognitive impairment: A novel perspective on dementia . Neuroepidemiology , 19 , 293 – 299 .
  • Royall , D. R. & Roman , G. C. (2000). Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests. Neurology , 55, 604–606.
  • Sandson , T. A. , Daffner , K. R. , Carvalho , P. A. , & Mesulam , M. M. ( 1991 ). Frontal lobe dysfunction following infarction of the left-sided medial thalamus . Archives of Neurology , 48 , 1300 – 1303 .
  • Sherer , M. , Nick , T. G. , Millis , S. R. , & Novack , T. A. ( 2003 ). Use of the WCST and the WCST-64 in the assessment of traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 , 512 – 520 .
  • Smith-Seemiller , L. , Franzen , M. D. , & Bowers , D. ( 1997 ). Use of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test short forms in clinical samples . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 11 , 421 – 427 .
  • Stephens , S. , Kenny , R. A. , Rowan , E. , Allan , L. , Kalaria , R. N. , Bradbury , M. , et al. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological characteristics of mild vascular cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 , 1053 – 1057 .
  • Sullivan , E. V. , Mathalon , D. H. , Zipursky , R. B. , Kersteen-Tucker , Z. , Knight , R. T. , & Pfefferbaum , A. ( 1993 ). Factors of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as measures of frontal-lobe function in schizophrenia and in chronic alcoholism . Psychiatry Research , 46 , 175 – 199 .
  • Tatemichi , T. K. , Desmond , D. W. , Paik , M. , Figueroa , M. , Gropen , T. I. , Stern , Y. , et al. ( 1993 ). Clinical determinants of dementia related to stroke . Annals of Neurology , 33 , 568 – 575 .
  • Teng , E. L. , & Chui , H. C. ( 1987 ). The modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Examination . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 48 , 314 – 318 .
  • Thibault , J. M. , & Steiner , R. W. ( 2004 ). Efficient identification of adults with depression and dementia . American Family Physician , 70 , 1101 – 1110 .
  • Tombaugh , K. , & McIntyre , N. J. ( 1992 ). The Mini Mental State examination: A comprehensive review . Journal of American Geriatric Society , 40 , 922 – 935 .
  • Zhou , D. H. , Wang , J. Y. , Li , J. , Deng , J. , Gao , C. , & Chen , M. ( 2005 ). Frequency and risk factors of vascular cognitive impairment three months after ischemic stroke in China: The Chongqing stroke study . Neuroepidemiology , 24 , 87 – 95 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.