Verbal Fluency in Spanish-Speaking Children: Analysis Model According to Task Type, Clustering, and Switching Strategies and Performance Over Time

References

• Anderson , VA , Anderson , P , Northam , E , Jacobs , R and Catroppa , C . 2001 . Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 385 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aram , DM , Ekelman , BL and Whitaker , HA . 1987 . Lexical retrieval in left and right brain lesioned children . Brain and Language , 31 : 61 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila , A and Rosselli , M . 1994 . Development of language, memory, and visuospatial abilities in 5- to 12-year-old children using a neuropsychological battery . Developmental Neuropsychology , 10 : 97 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo , JV , Schwartz , S , Wilkins , D and Dronkers , NF . 2006 . Role of frontal versus temporal cortex in verbal fluency as revealed by voxel-based lesion symptom mapping . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 896 – 900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo , JV , Shimamura , AP , Delis , DC , Kramer , J and Kaplan , E . 2001 . Verbal and design fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 : 586 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickenkamp , R . 1962 . Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test (Test d2) [The d2 test of Attention] , (1st ed.) , Göttingen : Hogrefe . [Spanish adaptation by Seisdedos Cubero, N. (2004); 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.]
   Google Scholar
• Brucki , SMD and Rocha , MSG . 2004 . Category fluency test: Effects of age, gender and education on total scores, clustering and switching in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking subjects . Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 37 : 1771 – 1777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , MJ , Morgan , AM , Vaughn , M , Riccio , CA and Hall , J . 1999 . Verbal fluency in children: Developmental issues and differential validity in distinguishing children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and two subtypes of dyslexia . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 : 433 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe , SF . 1998 . Decrease in performance on the verbal fluency test as a function of time: Evaluation in a young healthy sample . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 391 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugani , HT . 1999 . Metabolic imaging: A window on brain development and plasticity . The Neuroscientist , 5 : 29 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernaeus , S-E and Almkvist , O . 1998 . Word production: Dissociation of two retrieval modes of semantic memory across time . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 137 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd , JN , Blumenthal , J , Jeffries , NO , Castellanos , FX , Lui , H Zijdenbos , A . 1999 . Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study . Nature Neuroscience , 2 : 861 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogtay , N , Giedd , JN , Lusk , L , Hayashi , KM , Greenstein , D Vaituzis , AC . 2004 . Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 101 : 8174 – 8179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test. A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Co. [Spanish adaptation (1999), Madrid: TEA Ediciones.]
   Google Scholar
• Halperin , JM , Healey , JM , Zeitchik , E , Ludman , WL and Weinstein , L . 1989 . Developmental aspects of linguistic and mnestic abilities in normal children . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 11 : 518 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) manual (revised and expanded). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. [Spanish adaptation by de la Cruz López, M. V. (1997). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.]
   Google Scholar
• Henry , JD and Crawford , JR . 2004 . A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance following focal cortical lesions . Neuropsychology , 2 : 284 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez , MT , Sauerwein , HC , Jambaqué , I , De Guise , E , Lussier , F Lortie , A . 2002 . Deficits in executive functions and motor coordination in children with frontal lobe epilepsy . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 384 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurks , PPM , Hendriksen , JGM , Vles , JSH , Kalff , AC , Feron , FJM Kroes , M . 2004 . Verbal fluency over time as a measure of automatic and controlled processing in children with ADHD . Brain and Cognition , 55 : 535 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurks , PPM , Vles , JSH , Hendriksen , JGM , Kalff , AC , Feron , FJM Kroes , M . 2006 . Semantic category fluency versus initial letter fluency over 60 seconds as a measure of automatic and controlled processing in healthy school-aged children . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 : 684 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttenlocher , PR and Dabholkar , AS . 1997 . Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex . The Journal of Comparative Neurology , 387 : 167 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado , MA , Mataro , M , Verger , K , Bartumeus , F and Junque , C . 2000 . Phonemic and semantic fluencies in traumatic brain injury patients with focal frontal lesions . Brain Injury , 14 : 789 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1990). K-BIT. Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. [Spanish adaptation by Cordero A. & Calonge, I. (2000). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.]
   Google Scholar
• Kavé , G . 2006 . The development of naming and word fluency: Evidence from Hebrew-speaking children between ages 8 and 17 . Developmental Neuropsychology , 29 : 493 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavé , G , Kigel , S and Kochva , R . 2008 . Switching and clustering in verbal fluency tasks throughout childhood . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 : 349 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenberg , L , Korkman , M and Lahti-Nuuttila , P . 2001 . Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3- to 12-year-old Finnish children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 407 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodituwakku , PW , Adnams , CM , Hay , A , Kitching , AE , Burger , E Kalberg , WO . 2006 . Letter and category fluency in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 67 : 502 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren , R , Kofman , O and Berger , A . 2005 . Analysis of word clustering in verbal fluency of school-aged children . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 1087 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman , M . 2001 . Introduction to the special issue on normal neuropsychological development in the school-age years . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 325 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmidis , MH , Vlahou , CH , Panagiotaki , P and Kiosseoglou , G . 2004 . The verbal fluency task in the Greek population: Normative data, and clustering and switching strategies . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 : 164 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , HS , Song , J , Ewing-Cobbs , L , Chapman , SB and Mendelsohn , D . 2001 . Word fluency in relation to severity of closed head injury, associated frontal brain lesions, and age at injury in children . Neuropsychologia , 39 : 122 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , MD . 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren , A , Kihlgren , M , Melin , L , Croona , C , Lundberg , S and Eeg-Olofsson , O . 2004 . Development of cognitive functions in children with rolandic epilepsy . Epilepsy & Behavior , 5 : 903 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , CM . 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A , Wiggs , CL , Lalonde , F and Mack , C . 1994 . Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 1487 – 1494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , RC , Loring , DW , Meador , KJ and Lee , GP . 1990 . The effects of lateralized temporal lobe dysfunction on formal and semantic word fluency . Neuropsychologia , 28 : 823 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , IP , Vieira , R , Loureiro , C and Santos , ME . 2007 . Speech rate and fluency in children and adolescents . Child Neuropsychology , 13 : 319 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matute , E , Rosselli , M , Ardila , A and Morales , G . 2004 . Verbal and nonverbal fluency in Spanish-speaking children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 647 – 660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , B . 1964 . “ Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man ” . In The frontal granular cortex and behavior , Edited by: Warren , JM and Akert , K . 313 – 334 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Mummery , CJ , Patterson , K , Hodges , JR and Wise , RJ . 1996 . Generating ‘tiger’ as an animal name or a word beginning with T: Differences in brain activation . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences , 263 : 989 – 995 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , HM and Snowling , MJ . 2008 . Semantic and phonological fluency in children with Down syndrome: Atypical organization of language or less efficient retrieval strategies? . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 25 : 690 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto , A , Galtier , I , Barroso , J and Espinosa , G . 2008 . Fluencia verbal en niños españoles en edad escolar: estudio normativo piloto y análisis de las estrategias organizativas . Revista de neurología , 46 : 2 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paus , T , Zijdenbos , A , Worsley , K , Collins , DL , Blumenthal , J Giedd , JN . 1999 . Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: In vivo study . Science , 283 : 1908 – 1911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendleton , MG , Heaton , RK , Lehman , RA and Hulihan , D . 1982 . Diagnostic utility of the Thurstone Word Fluency Test in neuropsychological evaluations . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 4 : 307 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perret , E . 1974 . The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behaviour . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 323 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , LH . 1997 . “ Do ‘‘frontal tests’’ measure executive function? Issues of assessment and evidence from fluency tests ” . In Methodology of frontal and executive function , Edited by: Rabbitt , P . 191 – 213 . Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pineda , D , Ardila , A and Rosselli , M . 1999 . Neuropsychological and behavioral assessment of ADHD in seven- to-twelve-year-old children: A discriminant analysis . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 32 : 159 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda , D , Ardila , A , Rosselli , M , Cadavid , C , Mancheno , S and Mejia , S . 1998 . Executive dysfunctions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . International Journal of Neuroscience , 96 : 177 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raboutet , C , Sauzéon , H , Corsini , MM , Rodrigues , J , Langevin , S and N’Kaoua , B . 2010 . Performance on a semantic verbal fluency task across time: Dissociation between clustering, switching, and categorical exploitation processes . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 32 : 268 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regard , M , Strauss , E and Knapp , P . 1982 . Children's production on verbal and non-verbal fluency tasks . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 55 : 839 – 844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter , A , Tucha , O and Lange , KW . 2005 . Executive functions in children with dyslexia . Dyslexia , 11 : 116 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey , A . 1964 . L’examen clinique en psychologie , Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Riva , D , Nichelli , F and Devoti , M . 2000 . Developmental aspects of verbal fluency and confrontation naming in children . Brain and Language , 71 : 267 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosselli , M , Tappen , R , Williams , C , Salvatierra , J and Zoller , Y . 2009 . Level of education and category fluency task among Spanish speaking elders: Number of words, clustering, and switching strategies . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 16 : 721 – 744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff , RM , Light , RH , Parker , SB and Levin , HS . 1997 . The psychological construct of word fluency . Brain and Language , 57 : 394 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauzéon , H , Lestage , P , Raboutet , C , N’Kaoua , B and Claverie , B . 2004 . Verbal fluency output in children aged 7–16 as a function of the production criterion: Qualitative analysis of clustering, switching processes, and semantic network exploitation . Brain and Language , 89 : 192 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , W and Shiffrin , RM . 1977 . Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention . Psychological Review , 84 : 1 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonfeld , A , Mattson , S , Lang , AR , Delis , DC and Riley , EP . 2001 . Verbal and nonverbal fluency in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 62 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffrin , RM and Schneider , W . 1977 . Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory . Psychological Review , 84 : 127 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomine , BS , Gerring , JP , Grados , MA , Vasa , R , Brady , KD Cristensen , JR . 2002 . Performance on measures of ‘executive function’ following pediatric traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 16 : 759 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell , ER , Thompson , PM , Tessner , KD and Toga , AW . 2001 . Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation . The Journal of Neuroscience , 21 : 8819 – 8829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell , ER , Thompson , PM , Leonard , CM , Welcome , SE , Kan , E and Toga , AW . 2004 . Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children . The Journal of Neuroscience , 24 : 8223 – 8231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szatkowska , I , Grabowska , A and Szymanska , O . 2000 . Phonological and semantic fluencies are mediated by different regions of the prefrontal cortex . Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis , 60 : 503 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , PM , Giedd , JN , Woods , RP , MacDonald , D , Evans , AC and Toga , AW . 2000 . Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps . Nature , 404 : 190 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , AK . 2000 . Normative data for clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 370 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , AK , Moscovitch , M and Winocur , G . 1997 . Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: evidence from younger and older healthy adults . Neuropsychology , 11 : 138 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , AK , Moscovitch , M , Winocur , G , Alexander , MP and Stuss , D . 1998 . Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: the effects of focal frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions . Neuropsychologia , 36 : 499 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villodre , R , Sánchez-Alfonso , A , Brines , L , Núñez , AB , Chirivella , J Ferri , J . 2006 . Fluencia verbal: estudio normativo piloto según estrategias “agrupación” y “saltos” de palabras en población española de 20 a 49 años . Neurología , 21 : 124 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. [Spanish adaptation (2005), Madrid: TEA Ediciones.]
   Google Scholar
• Zelazo , PD and Frye , D . 1997 . “ Cognitive complexity and control: A theory of the development of deliberate reasoning and intentional action ” . In Language structure, discourse, and the access to consciousness , Edited by: Stamenov , M . 113 – 153 . Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Zelazo , PD and Frye , D . 1998 . Cognitive complexity and control: II . The development of executive function in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science , 7 : 121 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar