The Role of Processing Speed in the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised

References

• Benedict , R. H. B. 1997 . Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised: Professional manual , Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. B. , Cookfair , D. , Gavett , R. , Gunther , M. , Munschauer , F. , Garg , N. and Weinstock-Guttman , B. 2006 . Validity of the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 549 – 558 . doi: 10.10170S1355617706060723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. B. and Groninger , L. 1995 . Preliminary standardization of a new visuospatial memory test with six alternative forms . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 9 : 11 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. B. , Schretlen , D. , Groninger , L. , Dobraski , M. and Shpritz , B. 1996 . Revision of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test: Studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity . Psychological Assessment , 8 : 145 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt , J. and Folstein , M. 2003 . Telephone interview for cognitive status , Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , L. A. , Brockmole , J. R. , Gow , A. J. and Deary , I. J. 2012 . Processing speed and visuospatial executive function predict visual working memory ability in older adults . Experimental Aging Research , 38 : 1 – 19 . doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2012.636722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kaplan , E. and Kramer , J. H. 2001 . Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Examiner’s manual , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• DeLuca , J. , Chelune , G. J. , Tulsky , D. S. , Lengenfelder , J. and Chiaravalloti , N. D. 2004 . Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 26 : 550 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff , K. , Schoenberg , M. R. , Scott , J. G. and Adams , R. L. 2005 . The relationship between verbal and visual learning and memory . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 111 – 122 . doi: 2102/10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. M. , Almeida , Q. J. , Stough , C. , Thompson , J. C. , Singarayer , R. and Jog , M. S. 2003 . Visual inspection time in Parkinson’s disease: Deficits in early stages of cognitive processing . Neuropsychologia , 42 : 577 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , M. , Collins , M. W. , Lovell , M. R. and Maroon , J. 2003 . Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes . The Journal of Pediatrics , 142 : 546 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , P. S. , Drago , V. , Crucian , G. P. , Skidmore , F. , Rhodes , R. D. , Shenal , B. V. , Heilman , K. M. and … . 2010 . Verbal and visuospatial memory in lateral onset Parkinson disease: Time is of the essence . Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology: Official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology , 23 : 19 – 25 . doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181c20de7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. F. , Nuechterlein , K. H. , Gold , J. M. , Barch , D. , Cohen , J. , Essock , S. , Marder , S. R. and … . 2004 . Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: A NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria . Biological Psychiatry , 56 : 301 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. P. , Berg , L. , Danzinger , W. L. , Coben , L. A. and Martin , R. L. 1982 . A new clinical scale for staging of dementia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 566 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. , Crawford , J. D. , Henry , J. D. , Trollor , J. N. , Kochan , N. A. , Wright , M. J. , … and Sachdev , P. S. 2012 . Mediating effects of processing speed and executive functions in age-related differences in episodic memory performance: A cross-validation study . Neuropsychology , 26 : 776 – 784 . doi: 10.1037/a0030053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. and Loring , D. W. 2004 . Neuropsychological assessment , 4th ed. , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Madigan , N. K. , DeLuca , J. , Diamond , B. J. , Tramontano , G. and Averill , A. 2000 . Speed of information processing in traumatic brain injury: Modality-specific factors . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 15 : 943 – 956 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey , C. E. , Cilo , M. , Berry , J. and Cusick , C. 2003 . The effect of Aricept® in persons with persistent memory disorder following traumatic brain injury: A pilot study . Brain injury , 17 : 809 – 815 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J. C. 1993 . The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules . Neurology , 43 : 2412 – 2414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuechterlein , K. H. and Green , M. F. 2006 . MATRIS consensus battery manual , Los Angeles , CA : MATRICS Assessment Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Perrotin , A. , Isingrini , M. , Souchay , C. , Clarys , D. and Taconnat , L. 2006 . Episodic feeling-of-knowing accuracy and cued recall in the elderly: Evidence for double dissociation involving executive function and processing speed . Acta Psychologica , 122 : 58 – 73 . doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccuzzo , D. P. and Braff , D. L. 1981 . Early information processing deficit in schizophrenia: New findings using schizophrenic subgroups and manic control subjects . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 : 175 – 179 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780270061008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1991 . Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing . Psychological Science , 2 : 179 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1992a . What do adult age differences in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test reflect? . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 47 : 121 – 128 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1992b . Influence of processing speed on adult age differences in working memory . Acta Psychologica , 79 : 155 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. and Coon , V. E. 1993 . Influence of task-specific processing speed on age differences in memory . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 48 : 245 – 255 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmitter-Edgecombe , M. , Parsey , C. and Cook , D. J. 2011 . Cognitive correlates of functional performance in older adults: Comparison of self-report, direct observation, and performance-based measures . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 17 : 853 – 864 . doi: 10.1017/S13556177110000865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sliwinski , M. and Buschke , H. 1997 . Processing speed and memory in aging and dementia . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 52B : 308 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Smerbeck , A. M. , Parrish , J. , Serafin , D. , Yeh , E. A. , Weinstock-Guttman , B. , Hoogs , M. , … and Benedict , R. H. B. 2011 . Visual-cognitive processing deficits in pediatric multiple sclerosis . Multiple Sclerosis Journal , 17 : 449 – 456 . doi: 10.1177/1352458510391689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1991 . Symbol Digit Modalities Test , Los Angeles , CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Hamer , L. , Palumbo , C. , Dempster , R. , Binns , M. , … and Izukawa , D. 1998 . The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 265 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , R. L. 1996 . An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 272 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , S. P. , Childers , M. , Ellis , R. J. , Guaman , S. , Grant , I. and Heaton , R. K. 2006 . A battery approach for measuring neuropsychological change . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 83 – 89 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham , L. N. , Torres , I. J. , Malhi , G. S. , Frangou , S. , Glahn , D. C. , Bearden , C. E. , … and Chengappa , K. N. R. 2010 . The International Society for Bipolar Disorders – battery for assessment of Neurocognition (ISBD-BANC) . Bipolar Disorders , 12 : 351 – 363 . doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00830.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesavage , J. A. , Brink , T. L. , Rose , T. L. , Lum , O. , Huang , V. , Adey , M. B. and Leirer , V. O. 1983 . Development and validation of a geriatric depression rating scale: A preliminary report . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 17 : 37 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar