3,382
Views
111
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Robust Reliability of Neuropsychological Measures: Meta-Analyses of Test–Retest Correlations

, &
Pages 1077-1105 | Received 12 Feb 2013, Accepted 24 May 2013, Published online: 25 Jun 2013

References

  • Baayen , R. H. , Davidson , D. J. and Bates , D. M. 2008 . Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items . Journal of Memory and Language , 59 : 390 – 412 . doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
  • Barrash , J. , Stillman , A. , Anderson , S. W. , Uc , E. Y. , Dawson , J. D. and Rizzo , M. 2010 . Prediction of driving ability with neuropsychological tests: Demographic adjustments diminish accuracy . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 16 : 679 – 686 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000470
  • Bates, D. (2007). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. http://CRAN.R-project.org. R package version 0.99875-9
  • Beretvas , S. N. and Pastor , D. A. 2003 . Using mixed-effects models in reliability generalization studies . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 63 : 75 – 95 . doi: 10.1177/0013164402239318
  • Calamia , M. , Markon , K. and Tranel , D. 2012 . Scoring higher the second time around: Meta-analyses of practice effects in neuropsychological assessment . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 26 : 543 – 570 . doi: 10.1080/13854046.2012.680913
  • Cattell , R. B. 1986 . “ The psychometric properties of tests: Consistency, validity, and efficiency ” . In Functional psychological testing , Edited by: Cattell , R. B. and Johnson , R. C. 54 – 78 . New York , NY : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Charter , R. A. 2003 . A breakdown of reliability coefficients by test type and reliability method, and the clinical implications of low reliability . The Journal of General Psychology , 130 : 290 – 304 . doi: 10.1080/00221300309601160
  • Charter , R. A. and Feldt , L. S. 2001 . Meaning of reliability in terms of correct and incorrect clinical decisions: The art of decision making is still alive . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 530 – 537 . doi: 10.1076/jcen.23.4.530.1227
  • Chmielewski , M. and Watson , D. 2009 . What is being assessed and why it matters: The impact of transient error on trait research . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 97 : 186 – 202 . doi: 10.1037/a0015618
  • Cicchetti , D. V. 1999 . Sample size requirements for increasing the precision of reliability estimates: Problems and proposed solutions . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 : 567 – 570 . doi: 10.1076/jcen.21.4.567.886
  • Conley , J. J. 1984 . The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality and self-opinion . Personality and Individual Differences , 5 : 11 – 25 .
  • Cronbach , L. J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 . doi: 10.1007/BF02310555
  • Delis , D. , Kramer , J. , Kaplan , E. and Holdnack , J. 2004 . Reliability and validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: An update . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 : 301 – 303 . doi: 10.10170S1355617704102191
  • Duff , K. 2012 . Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 27 : 248 – 261 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acr120
  • Fastenau , P. S. , Denburg , N. L. and Mauer , B. A. 1998 . Parallel short forms for the Boston Naming Test: Psychometric properties and norms for older adults . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 6 : 828 – 834 . doi: 10.1076/jcen.20.6.828.1105
  • Graves , R. E. , Bezeau , S. C. , Fogarty , J. and Blair , R. 2004 . Boston Naming Test short forms: A comparison of previous forms with new item response theory based forms . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 7 : 891 – 902 . doi: 10.1080/13803390490510716
  • Heilbronner , R. L. , Sweet , J. J. , Attix , D. K. , Krull , K. R. , Henry , G. K. and Hart , R. P. 2010 . Official position of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology on serial neuropsychological assessments: The utility and challenges of repeat test administrations in clinical and forensic contexts . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 24 : 1267 – 1278 . doi: 10.1080/13854046.2010.526785
  • Hinton-Bayre , A. D. 2010 . Deriving reliable change statistics from test-retest normative data: Comparison of models and mathematical expressions . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 25 : 244 – 256 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acq008
  • Hinton-Bayre , A. D. 2011 . Calculating the test-retest reliability co-efficient from normative retest data for determining reliable change . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 26 : 76 – 77 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acq084
  • Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. , Bigler , E. and Tranel , D. 2012 . Neuropsychological assessment , 5th ed. , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Maxwell , S. E. , Kelley , K. and Rausch , J. R. 2008 . Sample size planning for statistical power and accuracy in parameter estimation . Annual Review of Psychology , 59 : 537 – 563 . doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093735
  • McCaffrey , R. J. , Duff , K. and Westervelt , H. J. 2000a . Practitioner’s guide to evaluating change with intellectual assessment instruments , New York , NY : Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers .
  • McCaffrey , R. J. , Duff , K. and Westervelt , H. J. 2000b . Practitioner’s guide to evaluating change with neuropsychological assessment instruments , New York , NY : Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers .
  • Mitrushina , M. , Boone , K. B. , Razani , J. and D’elia , L. F. 2005 . Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment , 2nd ed. , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Morris , S. B. and DeShon , R. P. 2002 . Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs . Psychological Methods , 7 : 105 – 125 . doi: 10.1037//1082-989X.7.1.105
  • Nimon , K. , Zientek , L. R. and Henson , R. K. 2012 . The assumption of a reliable instrument and other pitfalls to avoid when considering the reliability of data . Frontiers in Psychology , 3 : 102 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00102
  • Rabin , L. A. , Barr , W. B. and Burton , L. A. 2005 . Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA division 40 members . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 33 – 65 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2004.02.005
  • Rupinski , M. T. and Dunlap , W. P. 1996 . Approximating Pearson product-moment correlations from Kendall’s tau and Spearman’s rho . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 56 : 419 – 429 . doi: 10.1177/0013164496056003004
  • Russell , E. 2001 . Toward an explanation of Dodrill’s observation: High neuropsychological test performance does not accompany high IQs . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 15 : 423 – 428 . doi: 10.1076/clin.15.3.423.10267
  • Strauss , E. , Sherman , E. M. S. and Spreen , O. 2006 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Tremblay, A. (2011). LMERConvenienceFunctions: A suite of functions to back-fit fixed effects and forward-fit random effects, as well as other miscellaneous functions. R package version 1.5.3. http://CRAN.R-roject.org/package/LMERConvenienceFunctions
  • Vacha-Haase , T. 1998 . Reliability generalization: Exploring variance in measurement error affecting score reliability across studies . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 58 : 6 – 20 . doi: 10.1177/0013164498058001002
  • Vacha-Haase , T. , Kogan , L. R. , Tani , C. R. and Woodall , R. A. 2001 . Reliability generalization: Exploring variation of reliability coefficients of MMPI clinical scales scores . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 61 : 45 – 59 . doi: 10.1177/00131640121971059
  • Viswesvaran , C. , Ones , D.S. and Schmidt , F. L. 1996 . Comparative analysis of the reliability of job performance ratings . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 : 557 – 574 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.5.557
  • Watson , D. 2004 . Stability versus change, dependability versus error: Issues in the assessment of personality over time . Journal of Research in Personality , 38 : 319 – 350 . doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2004.03.001
  • Wicherts , J. M. and Bakker , M. 2012 . Publish (your data) or (let the data) perish! Why not publish your data too? . Intelligence , 40 : 73 – 76 . doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2012.01.004
  • Yin , P. and Fan , X. 2000 . Assessing the reliability of Beck Depression Inventory Scores: Reliability generalization across studies . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 60 : 201 – 223 . doi: 10.1177/00131640021970466

REFERENCES INCLUDED IN THE META-ANALYSIS

  • Amir , T. 2001 . Benton Visual Retention Test: Reliability, gender, and the effect of extended practice on the performance of participants from UAE . Bulletin of the Faculty of the Arts: Cairo University , 61 : 7 – 16 .
  • Alder , A. G. , Adam , J. and Arenberg , D. 1990 . Individual-differences assessment of the relationship between change in and initial level of adult cognitive functioning . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 560 – 568 . doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.5.4.560
  • Attix , D. K. , Story , T. J. , Chelune , G. J. , Ball , J. D. , Stutts , M. L. , Hart , R. P. and Barth , J. 2009 . The prediction of change: Normative neuropsychological trajectories . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 23 : 21 – 38 . doi: 10.1080/13854040801945078
  • Azuma , T. , Cruz , R. F. , Bayles , K. A. , Tomoeda , C. K. and Montgomery , E. B. Jr . 2003 . A longitudinal study of neuropsychological change in individuals with Parkinson’s disease . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 18 : 1115 – 1120 . doi: 10.1002/gps.1015
  • Basso , M. R. , Bornstein , R. A. and Lang , J. M. 1999 . Practice effects on commonly used measures of executive function across twelve months . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 13 : 283 – 292 . doi: 10.1076/clin.13.3.283.1743
  • Beglinger , L. J. , Gaydos , B. , Tangphao-Daniels , O. , Duff , K. , Kareken , D. A. , Crawford , J. , … and Siemers , E. R. 2005 . Practice effects and the use of alternate forms in serial neuropsychological testing . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 517 – 529 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2004.12.003
  • Beilin , B. , Hoofien , D. , Poran , R. , Gral , I. , Grinevich , G. , Butin , B. , … and Shavit , Y. 2008 . Comparison of two patient-controlled analgesia techniques on neuropsychological functioning in the immediate postoperative period . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 : 674 – 682 . doi: 10.1080/13803390701667310
  • Benedict , R. H. B. 2005 . Effects of using same-versus alternate-form memory tests during short-interval repeated assessments in multiple sclerosis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 727 – 736 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617705050782
  • Berry , D. T. R. , Allen , R. S. and Schmitt , F. A. 1991 . Rey-osterrieth complex figure: Psychometric characteristics in a geriatric sample . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 5 : 143 – 153 . doi: 10.1080/13854049108403298
  • Boone , D. E. 1991 . Item-reduction vs. subtest-reduction short forms on the WAIS–R with psychiatric inpatients . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 : 271 – 276 .
  • Bornstein , R. A. , Baker , G. B. and Douglass , A. B. 1987 . Short-term retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Battery in a normal sample . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 175 : 229 – 232 . doi: 10.1097/00005053-198704000-00007
  • Bruggemans , E. F. , Vijver , F. J. R. V. and Huysmans , H. A. 1997 . Assessment of cognitive deterioration in individual patients following cardiac surgery: Correcting for measurement error and practice effects . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 543 – 559 . doi: 10.1080/01688639708403743
  • Burns , J. , Hitchcock , A. , Elias , M. and St. Germain , R. 1978 . Use of the Satz-Mogel abbreviated WAIS with hospitalized geriatric patients . Experimental Aging Research , 4 : 479 – 491 . doi: 10.1080/03610737808257170
  • Canter , A. H. 1951 . Direct and indirect measures of psychological deficit in multiple scleroris: Part II . The Journal of General Psychology , 44 : 27 – 50 . doi: 10.1080/00221309.1951.9711236
  • Carlozzi , N. E. , Stout , J. C. , Mills , J. A. , Duff , K. , Beglinger , L. J. , Aylward , E. H. and … . 2011 . The PREDICT-HD Investigators of the Huntington Study Group. Estimating premorbid IQ in the prodromal phase of a neurodegenerative disease . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 25 : 757 – 777 . doi: 10.1080/13854046.2011.577811
  • Carvajal , H. , Schrader , M. S. and Holmes , C. B. 1996 . Retest reliability of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised for 18- to 19-Year-Olds . Psychological Reports , 78 : 211 – 214 . doi: 10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.211
  • Catron , D. W. 1978 . Immediate test-retest changes in WAIS scores among college males . Psychological Reports , 43 : 279 – 290 . doi: 10.2466/pr0.1978.43.1.279
  • Chaves , O. C. , Lombardo , L. E. , Bearden , C. E. , Woolsey , M. D. , Martinez , D. M. , Barrett , J. A. , … and Glahn , D. C. 2011 . Association of clinical symptoms and neurocognitive performance in bipolar disorder: A longitudinal study . Bipolar Disorders , 13 : 118 – 123 . doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00888.x
  • Cuesta , M. J. , Peralta , V. , Zarzuela , A. and Zandio , M. 2006 . Insight dimensions and cognitive function in psychosis: A longitudinal study . BMC Psychiatry , 6 : 26 doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-6-26
  • Dangour , A. D. , Allen , E. , Elbourne , D. , Fasey , N. , Fletcher , A. E. , Hardy , P. , … and Uauy , R. 2010 . Effect of 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in older people: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 91 : 1725 – 1732 . doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29121
  • Delis , D. , Kaplan , E. , Kramer , J. and Ober , B. 2000 . California Verbal Learning Test–II , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Delis , D. , Kramer , J. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , B. 1987 . California Verbal Learning Test , San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Delis , D. C. , McKee , R. , Massman , P. J. and Kramer , J.H. 1991 . Alternate form of the California Verbal Learning Test: Development and reliability . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 5 : 154 – 162 . doi: 10.1080/13854049108403299
  • Demakis , G. J. 1999 . Serial malingering on verbal and nonverbal fluency and memory measures: An analog investigation . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 : 401 – 410 . doi: 10.1016/S0887-6177(98)00039-0
  • Dikmen , S. S. , Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. and Temkin , N. R. 1999 . Test–retest reliability and practice effects of Expanded Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Rest Battery . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 5 : 346 – 356 . doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb00976.x
  • Dodrill , C. B. and Troupin , A. S. 1975 . Effects of repeated administrations of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery among chronic epileptics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 161 : 185 – 190 . doi: 10.1097/00005053-197509000-00006
  • Duff , K. , Beglinger , L. J. , Van Der Heiden , S. , Moser , D. J. , Arndt , S. , Schultz , S. K. and Paulsen , J. 2008 . Short-term practice effects in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Implications for diagnosis and treatment . International Psychogeriatrics , 20 : 986 – 999 . doi: 10.1017/S1041610208007254
  • Duff , K. , Westervelt , H. J. , McCaffrey , R. J. and Haase , R. F. 2001 . Practice effects, test-retest stability, and dual baseline assessments with the California Verbal Learning Test in an HIV sample . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 461 – 476 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/16.5.461
  • Duke , R. B. , Bloor , B. M. and Nugent , G. R. 1968 . Changes in performance on WAIS, trail making test and finger tapping test associated with carotid artery surgery . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 26 : 399 – 404 .
  • Eckardt , M. J. and Matarazzo , J. D. 1981 . Test-retest reliability of the Halstead Impairment Index in hospitalized alcoholic and nonalcoholic males with mild to moderate neuropsychological impairment . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 3 : 257 – 269 . doi: 10.1080/01688638108403129
  • Elwood , D. L. 1972 . Test-retest reliability and cost analyses of automated and face to face intelligence testing . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 4 : 1 – 22 . doi: 10.1016/S0020-7373(72)80017-8
  • Estevis , E. , Basso , M. and Combs , D. 2012 . Effects of practice on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV across 3- and 6-month intervals . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 26 : 239 – 254 . doi: 10.1080/13854046.2012.659219
  • Ettenhofer , M. L. , Hambrick , D. Z. and Abeles , N. 2006 . Reliability and stability of executive functioning in older adults . Neuropsychology , 20 : 607 – 613 . doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.20.5.607
  • Flanagan , J. L. and Jackson , S. T. 1997 . Test-retest reliability of three aphasia tests: Performance of non-brain-damaged older adults . Journal of Communication Disorders , 30 : 33 – 43 . doi: 10.1016/S0021-9924(96)00039-1
  • Franzen , M. D. , Paul , D. and Iverson , G. L. 1996 . Reliability of alternate forms of the trail making test . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 10 : 125 – 129 . doi: 10.1080/13854049608406672
  • Ganguli , M. , Seaberg , E. C. , Ratcliff , G. G. , Belle , S. H. and DeKosky , S. T. 1996 . Cognitive stability over 2 Years in a rural elderly population: The MoVIES project . Neuroepidemiology , 15 : 42 – 50 . doi: 10.1159/000109888
  • Geffen , G. M. , Butterworth , P. and Geffen , L. B. 1994 . Test-retest reliability of a new form of the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 9 : 303 – 316 . doi: 10.1016/0887-6177(94)90018-3
  • Goldstein , G. and Watson , J. R. 1989 . Test-retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan battery and the WAIS in a neuropsychiatric population . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 3 : 265 – 272 . doi: 10.1080/13854048908404088
  • Greig , T. C. , Nicholls , S. S. , Wexler , B. E. and Bell , M. D. 2004 . Test-retest stability of neuropsychological testing and individual differences in variability in schizophrenia outpatients . Psychiatry Research , 129 : 241 – 247 . doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.09.006
  • Gregory , T. , Nettelbeck , T. , Howard , S. and Wilson , C. 2008 . Inspection time: A biomarker for cognitive decline . Intelligence , 36 : 664 – 671 . doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.005
  • Greve , K. W. , Love , J. M. , Sherwin , E. , Mathias , C. W. , Houston , R. J. and Brennan , A. 2002 . Temporal stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in a chronic traumatic brain injury sample . Assessment , 9 : 271 doi: 10.1177/1073191102009003006
  • Harciarek , M. , Biedunkiewicz , B. , Lichodziejewska-Niemierko , M. , Debska-Slizen , A. and Rutkowski , B. 2009 . Cognitive performance before and after kidney transplantation: A prospective controlled study of adequately dialyzed patients with end-stage renal disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 15 : 684 – 694 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617709990221
  • Harvey , P. D. , Palmer , B. W. , Heaton , R. K. , Mohamed , S. , Kennedy , J. and Brickman , A. 2005 . Stability of cognitive performance in older patients with schizophrenia: An 8-week test-retest study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 110 – 117 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.110
  • Hatsukami , D. K. , Mitchell , J. E. , Morley , J. E. , Morgan , S. F. and Levine , A. S. 1986 . Effect of naltrexone on mood and cognitive functioning among overweight men . Biological Psychiatry , 21 : 293 – 300 . doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90050-8
  • Heaton , R. K. , Temkin , N. , Dikmen , S. , Avitable , N. , Taylor , M. J. , Marcotte , T. D. and Grant , I. 2001 . Detecting change: A comparison of three neuropsychological methods, using normal and clinical samples . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 75 – 91 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/16.1.75
  • Hermann , B. P. , Seidenberg , M. , Schoenfeld , J. , Peterson , J. , Leveroni , C. and Wyler , A. R. 1996 . Empirical techniques for determining the reliability, magnitude, and pattern of neuropsychological change after epilepsy surgery . Epilepsia , 37 : 942 – 950 . doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00531.x
  • Hopp , G. A. , Dixon , R. A. , Grut , M. and Bäckman , L. 1997 . Longitudinal and psychometric profiles of two cognitive status tests in very old adults . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 53 : 673 – 686 . doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199711)53:7<673::AID-JCLP5>3.0.CO;2-J
  • Hoth , K. F. , Haley , A. P. , Gunstad , J. , Paul , R. H. , Poppas , A. , Jefferson , A. L. , … and Cohen , R. 2008 . Elevated c-reactive protein is related to cognitive decline in older adults with cardiovascular disease . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 56 : 1898 – 1903 . doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01930.x
  • Hubley , A. M. and Jassal , S. 2006 . Comparability of the Rey-Osterrieth and Modified Taylor Complex Figures using total scores, completion times, and construct validation . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 : 1482 – 1497 .
  • Ingram , F. , Greve , K. W. , Ingram , P. T. F. and Soukup , V. M. 1999 . Temporal stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in an untreated patient sample . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 209 – 211 . doi: 10.1348/014466599162764
  • Ishizaki , J. , Meguro , K. , Ohe , K. , Kimura , E. , Tsuchiya , E. , Ishii , H. , … and Yamadori , A. 2002 . Therapeutic psychosocial intervention for elderly subjects with very mild Alzheimer disease in a community: The tajiri project . Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders , 16 : 261 doi: 10.1097/00002093-200210000-00008
  • Kelland , D. Z. and Lewis , R. F. 1994 . Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the repeatable cognitive-perceptual-motor battery . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 8 : 295 – 308 . doi: 10.1080/13854049408404136
  • Kent , P. S. and Luszcz , M. A. 2002 . A review of the Boston Naming Test and multiple-occasion normative data for older adults on 15-item versions . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 : 555 – 574 . doi: 10.1076/clin.16.4.555.13916
  • Killian , G. A. , Holzman , P. S. , Davis , J. M. and Gibbons , R. D. 1984 . Effects of psychotropic medication on selected cognitive and perceptual measures . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 93 : 58 – 70 . doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.93.1.58
  • Klonoff , H. , Fibiger , C. H. and Hutton , G. H. 1970 . Neuropsychological patterns in chronic schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 150 : 291 – 300 . doi: 10.1097/00005053-197004000-00004
  • Krupp , L. , Christodoulou , C. , Melville , P. , Scherl , W. , MacAllister , W. and Elkins , L. 2004 . Donepezil improved memory in multiple sclerosis in a randomized clinical trial . Neurology , 63 : 1579 – 1585 .
  • Langenecker , S. A. , Zubieta , J. K. , Young , E. A. , Akil , H. and Nielson , K. A. 2007 . A task to manipulate attentional load, set-shifting, and inhibitory control: Convergent validity and test–retest reliability of the parametric Go/No-go test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 29 : 842 – 853 . doi: 10.1080/13803390601147611
  • Lehrner , J. , Willfort , A. , Mlekusch , I. , Guttmann , G. , Minar , E. , Ahmadi , R. , … and Lang , W. 2005 . Neuropsychological outcome 6 months after unilateral carotid stenting . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 : 859 – 866 . doi: 10.1080/13803390490919083
  • Lemay , S. , Bedard , M. A. , Rouleau , I. and Tremblay , P. L. 2004 . Practice effect and test-retest reliability of attentional and executive tests in middle-aged to elderly subjects . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 18 : 284 – 302 . doi: 10.1080/13854040490501718
  • Levine , A. , Miller , E. , Becker , J. , Selnes , O. and Cohen , B. 2004 . Normative data for determining significance of test-retest differences on eight common neuropsychological instruments . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 18 : 373 – 384 . doi: 10.1080/1385404049052420
  • Lu , P. H. , Masterman , D. A. , Mulnard , R. , Cotman , C. , Miller , B. , Yaffe , K. , … and Cummings , J. 2006 . Effects of testosterone on cognition and mood in male patients with mild Alzheimer disease and healthy elderly men . Archives of Neurology , 63 : 177 doi: 10.1001/archneur.63.2.nct50002
  • Margolis , R. B. , Dunn , E. J. and Taylor , J. M. 1985 . Parallel-form reliability of the Wechsler Memory Scale in a geriatric population with suspected dementia . The Journal of Psychology , 119 : 81 – 85 . doi: 10.1080/00223980.1985.9712609
  • Martin , R. , Sawrie , S. , Gilliam , F. , Mackey , M. , Faught , E. , Knowlton , R. , … and Kuzniekcy , R. 2002 . Determining reliable cognitive change after epilepsy surgery: Development of reliable change indices and standardized Regression-based change norms for the WMS-III and WAIS-III . Epilepsia , 43 : 1551 – 1558 .
  • Matarazzo , J. D. and Herman , D. O. 1984 . Base rate data for the WAIS-R: Test–retest stability and VIQ–PIQ differences . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 6 : 351 – 366 .
  • Matarazzo , J. D. , Wiens , A. N. , Matarazzo , R. G. and Goldstein , S. G. 1974 . Psychometric and clinical test-retest reliability of the Halstead Impairment Index in a sample of healthy, young, normal men . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 158 : 37 – 49 . doi: 10.1097/00005053-197401000-00006
  • McCaffrey , R. J. , Cousins , J. P. , Westervelt , H. J. , Martynowicz , M. , Remick , S. C. , Szebenyi , S. , … and Haase , R. 1995 . Practice effects with the NIMH AIDS abbreviated neuropsychological battery . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 10 : 241 – 250 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/10.3.241
  • McCaffrey , R. J. , Ortega , A. , Orsillo , S. M. and Nelles , W. B. 1992 . Practice effects in repeated neuropsychological assessments . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6 : 32 – 42 . doi: 10.1080/13854049208404115
  • McCracken , L. M. and Franzen , M. D. 1992 . Principal-components analysis of the equivalence of alternate forms of the Trail Making Test . Psychological Assessment , 4 : 235 – 238 . doi: 10.1037//1040-3590.4.2.235
  • McCaffrey , R. J. , Westervelt , H. J. and Haase , R. F. 2001 . Serial neuropsychological assessment with the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) AIDS Abbreviated Neuropsychological Battery . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 9 – 18 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/16.1.9
  • Messinis , L. , Lyros , E. , Georgiou , V. and Papathanasopoulos , P. 2009 . Benton Visual Retention Test performance in normal adults and acute stroke patients: Demographic considerations, discriminant validity, and test-retest reliability . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 23 : 962 – 977 . doi: 10.1080/13854040902740691
  • Mitrushina , M. and Satz , P. 1991 . Effect of repeated administration of a neuropsychological battery in the elderly . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 : 790 – 801 . doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199111)47:6<790::AID-JCLP2270470610>3.0.CO;2-C
  • Moritz , S. , Iverson , G. L. and Woodward , T. S. 2003 . Reliable change indexes for memory performance in schizophrenia as a means to determine drug-induced cognitive decline . Applied Neuropsychology , 10 : 115 – 120 . doi: 10.1207/S15324826AN1002_07
  • Morris , J. C. , Heymann , A. , Mohs , R. C. , Hughes , J. R. , van Belle , G. , Fillenbaum , G. , … and Clark , C. 1989 . The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer´s Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer´s disease . Neurology , 39 : 1159 – 1165 .
  • Mortensen , E. L. and Kleven , M. 1993 . A WAIS longitudinal study of cognitive development during the life span from ages 50 to 70 . Developmental Neuropsychology , 9 : 115 – 130 . doi: 10.1080/87565649109540548
  • Muslimović , D. , Post , B. , Speelman , J. D. , de Haan , R. J. and Schmand , B. 2009 . Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: A prospective longitudinal study . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 15 : 426 – 437 . doi: 10.1017/S135561770909061
  • Nakhutina , L. , Pramataris , P. , Morrison , C. , Devinsky , O. and Barr , W. B. 2010 . Reliable change indices and regression-based measures for the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test in partial epilepsy patients . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 24 : 38 – 44 . doi: 10.1080/13854040902960091
  • Netherton , S. D. , Elias , J. W. , Albrecht , N. N. and Acosta , C. 1989 . Changes in the performance of parkinsonian patients and normal aged on the Benton Visual Retention Test . Experimental Aging Research , 15 : 13 – 18 . doi: 10.1080/03610738908259753
  • Newson , R. S. and Kemps , E. B. 2005 . General lifestyle activities as a predictor of current cognition and cognitive change in older adults: A cross-sectional and longitudinal examination . The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 60 : P113 – P120 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/60.3.P113
  • Paolo , A. M. , Axelrod , B. N. and Tröster , A. I. 1996 . Test-retest stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Assessment , 3 : 137 – 143 . doi: 10.1177/107319119600300205
  • Paolo , A. M. , Tröster , A. I. and Ryan , J. J. 1997 . Test-retest stability of the California Verbal Learning Test in older persons . Neuropsychology , 11 : 613 – 616 . doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.11.4.613
  • Rabin , A. I. 1944 . Test constancy and variation in the mentally ill . Journal of General Psychology , 31 : 231 – 239 .
  • Rezvanfard , M. , Ekhtiari , H. , Maryam Noroozian , M. and Nilipour , R. 2011 . The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Alternate forms equivalency and reliability for the Iranian Adult Population (Persian Version) . Archives of Iranian Medicine , 14 : 104 – 109 .
  • Rönnlund , M. and Nilsson , L. G. 2006 . Adult life-span patterns in WAIS-R Block Design performance: Cross-sectional versus longitudinal age gradients and relations to demographic factors . Intelligence , 34 : 63 – 78 . doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2005.06.004
  • Rosen , M. , Stallings , L. , Floor , L. and Nowakiwska , M. 1968 . Reliability and stability of Wechsler IQ scores for institutionalized mental subnormals . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 73 : 218 – 225 .
  • Ross , T. P. 2003 . The reliability of cluster and switch scores for the Controlled Oral Word Association Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 18 : 153 – 164 . doi: 10.1016/S0887-6177(01)00192-5
  • Ruff , R. M. , Light , R. H. and Parker , H. S. 1996 . Benton Controlled Oral Word Association Test: Reliability and updated norms . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 11 : 329 – 338 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/11.4.329
  • Ryan , J. , Geisser , M. E. , Randall , D. M. and Georgemiller , R. J. 1986 . Alternate form reliability and equivalency of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 611 – 616 . doi: 10.1080/01688638608405179
  • Ryan , J. , Georgemiller , R. J. , Geisser , M. E. and Randall , D. M. 1985 . Test-retest stability of the WAIS-R in a clinical sample . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 41 : 552 – 556 . doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198507)41:4<552::AID-JCLP2270410418>3.0.CO;2-#
  • Ryan , J. J. , Paolo , A. M. and Brungardt , T. M. 1992 . WAIS-R test-retest stability in normal persons 75 years and older . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6 : 3 – 8 . doi: 10.1080/13854049208404111
  • Sachs , B. C. , Lucas , J. A. , Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Petersen , R. C. , Graff-Radford , N. R. and Pedraza , O. 2012 . Reliable change on the Boston Naming Test . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 18 : 375 – 378 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617711001810
  • Sano , M. , Bell , K. , Cote , L. , Dooneief , G. , Lawton , A. , Legler , L. , … and Mayeux , R. 1992 . Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease . Archives of Neurology , 49 : 1137 – 1141 .
  • Santos , R. F. , Galduroz , J. C. , Barbieri , A. , Castiglioni , M. L. , Ytaya , L. Y. and Bueno , O. F. 2003 . Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using ginkgo biloba . Pharmacopsychiatry , 36 : 127 – 133 . doi: 10.1055/s-2003-41197
  • Sawrie , S. M. , Chelune , G. J. , Naugle , R. I. and Lüders , H. O. 1996 . Empirical methods for assessing meaningful neuropsychological change following epilepsy surgery . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 2 : 556 – 564 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617700001739
  • Sawrie , S. M. , Marson , D. C. , Boothe , A. L. and Harrell , L. E. 1999 . A method for assessing clinically relevant individual cognitive change in older adult populations . The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 54 : P116 – P124 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/54B.2.P116
  • Shaw , P. J. , Bates , D. , Cartlidge , N. , French , J. M. , Heaviside , D. , Julian , D. G. and Shaw , D. A. 1987 . Neurologic and neuropsychological morbidity following major surgery: Comparison of coronary artery bypass and peripheral vascular surgery . Stroke , 18 : 700 – 707 . doi: 10.1161/01.STR.18.4.700
  • Shuttleworth-Edwards , A. B. , Smith , I. and Radloff , S. E. 2008 . Neurocognitive vulnerability amongst university rugby players versus noncontact sport controls . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 : 870 – 884 . doi: 10.1080/13803390701846914
  • Silberstein , C. H. , O’Dowd , M. A. , Chartock , P. , Schoenbaum , E. E. , Friedland , G. , Hartel , D. and McKegney , F. P. 1993 . A prospective four-year follow-up of neuropsychological function in HIV seropositive and seronegative methadone-maintained patients . General Hospital Psychiatry , 15 : 351 – 359 . doi: 10.1016/0163-8343(93)90001-5
  • Silverstein , S. M. , Jaeger , J. , Donovan-Lepore , A. M. , Wilkniss , S. M. , Savitz , A. , Malinovsky , I. , … and Dent , G. 2010 . A comparative study of the MATRICS and IntegNeuro cognitive assessment batteries . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 32 : 937 – 952 . doi: 10.1080/13803391003596496
  • Slate , J. R. , Frost , J. and Cross , B. 1991 . WAIS-R stability for college students with learning disabilities . Learning Disability Quarterly , 14 : 2 – 6 . doi: 10.2307/1510369
  • Snow , W. G. , Tierney , M. C. , Zorzitto , M. L. and Fisher , R. H. 1989 . WAIS–R test-retest reliability in a normal elderly sample . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 4 : 423 – 428 . doi: 10.1080/01688638908400903
  • Steinmetz , J. P. , Brunner , M. , Loarer , E. and Houssemand , C. 2010 . Incomplete psychometric equivalence of scores obtained on the manual and the computer version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test? . Psychological Assessment , 22 : 199 – 202 . doi: 10.1037/a0017661
  • Sweeney , J. A. , Haas , G. L. , Keilp , J. G. and Long , M. 1991 . Evaluation of the stability of neuropsychological functioning after acute episodes of schizophrenia: One-year followup study . Psychiatry Research , 38 : 63 – 76 . doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90053-R
  • Tate , R. L. , Perdices , M. and Maggiotto , S. 1998 . Stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the determination of reliability of change in scores . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 : 348 – 357 . doi: 10.1076/clin.12.3.348.1988
  • Theisen, M. E. (1997). The effects of practice in repeated administration of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and the California Verbal Learning Test in normal adults. (Doctoral Dissertation). Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
  • Thompson , K. and Sergejew , A. A. 1998 . Two-week test-retest of the WAIS-R and WMS-R subtests, the Purdue Pegboard, Trailmaking, and the Mental Rotation Test in women . Australian Psychologist , 33 : 228 – 230 . doi: 10.1080/00050069808257410
  • Tröster , A. I. , Woods , S. P. and Morgan , E. E. 2007 . Assessing cognitive change in Parkinson’s disease: Development of practice effect-corrected reliable change indices . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 : 711 – 718 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.05.004
  • Tuikka , R. A. , Laaksonen , R. K. and Somer , H. V. K. 1993 . Cognitive function in myotonic dystrophy: A follow-up study . European Neurology , 33 : 436 – 441 . doi: 10.1159/000116989
  • Uchiyama , C. L. , D’Elia , L. F. , Dellinger , A. M. , Becker , J. T. , Selnes , O. A. , Wesch , J. E. , … and Miller , E. 1995 . Alternate forms of the auditory-verbal learning test: Issues of test comparability, longitudinal reliability, and moderating demographic variables . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 10 : 133 – 145 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/10.2.133
  • Wagner , E. E. and Caldwell , M. S. 1979 . WAIS test-retest reliability for a clinical out-patient sample . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 48 : 131 – 137 . doi: 10.2466/pms.1979.48.1.131
  • Watkins , C. Jr and Campbell , V. 1992 . The test-retest reliability and stability of the WAIS-R in a sample of mentally retarded adults . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 36 : 265 – 268 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1992.tb00514.x
  • Wechsler , D. 1981 . The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Manual , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. 1997 . The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- III Manual , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. 1999 . The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Manual , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. 2008 . The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Manual , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. 2011 . The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition Manual , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Woods , S. P. , Childers , M. , Ellis , R. J. , Guaman , S. , Grant , I. and Heaton , R. K. 2006a . A battery approach for measuring neuropsychological change . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 83 – 89 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.008
  • Woods , S. P. , Delis , D. C. , Scott , J. C. , Kramer , J. H. and Holdnack , J. A. 2006b . The California Verbal Learning Test–second edition: Test-retest reliability, practice effects, and reliable change indices for the standard and alternate forms . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 413 – 420 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.002
  • Youngjohn , J. R. , Larrabee , G. J. and Crook , T. H. 1992 . Test-retest reliability of computerized, everyday memory measures and traditional memory tests . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 6 : 276 – 286 . doi: 10.1080/13854049208404129
  • Zec , R. F. , Markwell , S. J. , Burkett , N. R. and Larsen , D. L. 2005 . A longitudinal study of confrontation naming in the normal elderly . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 716 – 726 . doi: 10.1017/S1355617705050897

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.