784
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Issues

Poor Performance Validity Predicts Clinical Characteristics and Cognitive Test Performance of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans in a Research Setting

, , , &
Pages 802-825 | Received 01 Oct 2013, Accepted 11 Mar 2014, Published online: 25 Apr 2014

References

  • Anil, A. E., Kivircik, B. B., Batur, S., Kabakçi, E., Kitis, A., Güven, E., ... Arkar, H. (2003). The Turkish version of the Auditory Consonant Trigram Test as a measure of working memory: A normative study. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 159–169.
  • Armistead-Jehle, P. (2010). Symptom validity test performance in U.S. veterans referred for evaluation of mild TBI. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 52–59.
  • Armistead-Jehle, P., & Hansen, C. L. (2011). Comparison of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status effort index and stand-alone symptom validity tests in a military sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 592–601.
  • Axelrod, B. N., & Schutte, C. (2010). Analysis of the dementia profile of the Medical Symptom Validity Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 873–881.
  • Axelrod, B. N., & Schutte, C. (2011). Concurrent validity of three forced-choice measures of symptom validity. Applied Neuropsychology, 18, 27–33.
  • Bauer, L., Yantz, C. L., Ryan, L. M., Warden, D. L., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). An examination of the California Verbal Learning Test II to detect incomplete effort in a traumatic brain-injury sample. Applied neuropsychology, 12, 202–207.
  • Berthelson, L., Mulchan, S. S., Odland, A. P., Miller, L. J., & Mittenberg, W. (2013). False positive diagnosis of malingering due to the use of multiple effort tests. Brain Injury, 27, 1–8.
  • Binder, L. M., Rohling, M. L., & Larrabee, G. J. (1997). A review of mild head trauma. Part 1: Meta-analytic review of neuropsychological studies. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 421–431.
  • Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., & … Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.
  • Boone, K. B. (2009). The need for continuous and comprehensive sampling of effort/response bias during neuropsychological examinations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 729–741.
  • Bowden, S. C., Shores, E. A., & Mathias, J. L. (2006). Does effort suppress cognition after traumatic brain injury? A re-examination of the evidence for the Word Memory Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 858–872.
  • Burkett, B. G., & Whitley, G. (1998). Stolen valor: How the Vietnam generation was robbed of its heroes and its history. Dallas, TX: Verity Press.
  • Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Troster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., ... Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity. Official position of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419–426.
  • Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193–213.
  • Calhoun, P. S., Earnst, K. S., Tucker, D. D., Kirby, A. C., & Beckham, J. C. (2000). Feigning combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder on the personality assessment inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 338–350.
  • Carone, D. A. (2009). Test review of the Medical Symptom Validity Test. Applied Neuropsychology, 16, 309–311.
  • Cicerone, K. (1995). The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 10(3), 1–17.
  • Constantinou, M., Bauer, L., Ashendorf, L., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). Is poor performance on recognition memory effort measures indicative of generalized poor performance on neuropsychological tests? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 191–198.
  • Crowson, Jr., J. J., Frueh, B. C., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (1998). Self-reported symptoms of social anxiety in a sample of combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 605–612.
  • Delis, D., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, G. L. (2001). D-KEFS examiner’s and technical manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Education.
  • Delis, D. C., Kramer, J., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. (2000). California Verbal Learning Test-second edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Demakis, G. J., Gervais, R. O., & Rohling, M. L. (2008). The effect of failure on cognitive and psychological symptom validity tests in litigants with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 879–895.
  • Drane, D. L., Williamson, D. J., Stroup, E. S., Holmes, M. D., Jung, M., Koerner, E., … Miller, J. (2006). Cognitive impairment is not equal in patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia, 47, 1879–1876.
  • Elhai, J. D., Sweet, J. J., Guidotti-Breting, L. M., & Kaloupek, D. (2012). Assessment in contexts that threaten response validity. In J. J. Vasterling, R. A. Bryant, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), PTSD and mild traumatic brain injury (pp. 174–198). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Fortier, C. B., Amick, M. M., Grande, L., McGlynn, S., Kenna, A, … McGlinchey, R. E. (2013). The Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime (BAT-L) semistructured interview: Evidence of research utility and validity. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29, 89–98.
  • Fortier, C. B., Amick, M. M., Kenna, A., Milberg, W. P., & McGlinchey, R. E. (in press). Correspondence of the Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime (BAT-L) clinical interview and the VA TBI Screening Instrument, Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22.
  • Fox, D. D. (2011). Symptom validity test failure indicates invalidity of neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 488–495.
  • Freeman, T., Powell, M., & Kimbrell, T. (2008). Measuring symptom exaggeration in veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 158, 374–380.
  • Frueh, B. C., Elhai, J. D., Grubaugh, A. L., Monnier, J., Kashdan, T. B., Sauvageot, J. A., & … Arana, G. W. (2005). Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 467–472.
  • Gervais, R. O., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Wygant, D. B., & Green, P. (2008). Differential sensitivity of the Response Bias Scale (RBS) and MMPI-2 validity scales to memory complaints. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 1061–1079.
  • Gervais, R. O., Rohling, M. L., Green, P., & Ford, W. (2004). A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 475–487.
  • Gervais, R. O., Russell, A. S., Green, P., Allen, 3rd, L. M., Ferrari, R., & Pieschl, S. D. (2001). Effort testing in patients with fibromyalgia and disability incentives. Journal of Rheumatology, 28, 1892–1899.
  • Gfeller, J. D., & Roskos, P. T. (2013). A comparison of insufficient effort rates, neuropsychological functioning, and neuropsychiatric symptom reporting in military veterans and civilians with chronic traumatic brain injury. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31, 833–849.
  • Grafton, K. V., Foster, N. E., & Wright, C. C. (2005). Test-retest reliability of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire: Assessment of intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement in patients with osteoarthritis. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 21, 73–82.
  • Green, P. (2003). Green’s Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) for windows: User’s manual. Edmonton, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
  • Green, P. (2007). The pervasive influence of effort on neuropsychological tests. Physical Medical Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 18, 43–68.
  • Green, P., Flaro, L., & Courtney, J. (2009). Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23, 741–750.
  • Green, P., Rohling, M. L., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Allen, 3rd, L. M. (2001). Effort has a greater effect on test scores than severe brain injury in compensation claimants. Brain Injury, 15, 1045–1060.
  • Greenberg, L. M., & Waldman, I. D. (1993). Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention (T.O.V.A.). Journal Child Psychology Psychiatry, 34, 1019–1030.
  • Greiffenstein, M. F., & Baker, W. J. (2006). Miller was (mostly) right: Head injury severity inversely related to simulation. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 131–145.
  • Greiffenstein, M. F., & Baker, W. J. (2008). Validity testing in dually diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder and mild closed head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 565–582.
  • Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1996). Motor dysfunction profiles in traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 477–485.
  • Gunstad, J., & Suhr, J. A. (2001). “Expectation as etiology” versus“the good old days”: Postconcussion syndrome symptom reporting in athletes, headache sufferers, and depressed individuals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 323–333.
  • Haggerty, K. A., Frazier, T. W., Busch, R. M., & Naugle, R. I. (2007). Relationships among Victoria Symptom Validity Test indices and Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales in a large clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 917–928.
  • Henry, G. K. (2005). Probable malingering and performance on the test of variables of attention. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 121–129.
  • Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239.
  • Henry, G. K., Heilbronner, R. L., Mittenberg, W., Enders, C., & Domboski, K. (2009). Comparison of the MMPI-2 restructured Demoralization Scale, Depression Scale, and Malingered Mood Disorder Scale in identifying non-credible symptom reporting in personal injury litigants and disability claimants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 153–166.
  • Hoge, C. W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., & Castro, C. A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 453–463.
  • Howe, L. S., Anderson, A. M., Kaufman, D. A. S., Sachs, B. C., & Loring, D. W. (2007). Characterization of the Medical Symptom Validity Test in evaluation of clinically referred memory disorders clinic patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 753–761.
  • IBM Corporation. (2010). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Jacobs, M. L., & Donders, J. (2007). Criterion validity of the California Verbal Learning Test-(CVLT-II) after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 143–149.
  • Keen, S. M., Kutter, C. J., Niles, B. L., & Krinsley, K. E. (2008). Psychometric properties of PTSD Checklist in sample of male veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research Development, 45, 465–474.
  • Lange, R. T., Pancholi, S., Bhagwat, A., Anderson-Barnes, V., & French, L. M. (2012). Influence of poor effort on neuropsychological test performance in U.S. military personnel following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34, 453–466.
  • Lange, R. T., Sullivan, K. A., & Scott, C. (2010). Comparison of MMPI-2 and PAI validity indicators to detect feigned depression and PTSD symptom reporting. Psychiatry Research, 176, 229–235.
  • Lanyon, R. I. (2001). Dimensions of self-serving misrepresentation in forensic assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 169–179.
  • Larrabee, G. J. (2003a). Detection of symptom exaggeration with the MMPI-2 in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 54–68.
  • Larrabee, G. J. (2003b). Exaggerated MMPI-2 symptom report in personal injury litigants with malingered neurocognitive deficit. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 673–686.
  • Larrabee, G. J. (2003c). Exaggerated pain report in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 395–401.
  • Larrabee, G. J. (2012). Performance validity and symptom validity in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 625.
  • Larson, E. B., Kondiles, B. R., Starr, C. R., & Zollman, F. S. (2013). Postconcussive complaints, cognition, symptom attribution and effort among veterans. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 88–95.
  • Leark, R. A., Dixon, D., Hoffman, T., & Huynh, D. (2002). Fake bad test response bias effects on the test of variables of attention. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 335–342.
  • Levin, H. S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R. M., Eisenberg, H. M., Marshall, L. F., Tabaddor, K., … Frankowski, R. F. (1987). Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: A three-center study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 66, 234–243.
  • Mathias, C. W., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Houston, R. J., & Crouch, J. A. (2002). Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction using the reliable digit span in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 9, 301–308.
  • McCormick, C. L., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., McDonald, S. D., Campbell, T. C., & Tupler. (2013). Performance on the Green Word Memory Test following Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom-Era military service: Test failure is related to evaluation context. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1093/arclin/act050
  • Merten, T., Green, P., Henry, M., Blaskewitz, N., & Brockhaus, R. (2005). Analog validation of German-language symptom validity tests and the influence of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 719–726.
  • Meyers, J. E., Volbrecht, M., Axelrod, B. N., & Reinsch-Boothby, L. (2011). Embedded symptom validity tests and overall neuropsychological test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 8–15.
  • Mittenberg, W., DiGiulio, D. V., Perrin, S., & Bass, A. E. (1992). Symptoms following mild head injury: Expectation as aetiology. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 55, 200–204.
  • Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094–1102.
  • Moore, B. A., & Donders, J. (2004). Predictors of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 18, 975–984.
  • Nelson, N. W., Hoelzle, J. B., McGuire, K. A., Ferrier-Auerbach, A. G., Charlesworth, M. J., & Sponheim, S. R. (2010). Evaluation context impacts neuropsychological performance of OEF/OIF veterans with reported combat-related concussion. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 713–723.
  • Nelson, N. W., Sweet, J. J., Berry, D. T., Bryant, F. B., & Granacher, R. P. (2007). Response validity in forensic neuropsychology: Exploratory factor analytic evidence of distinct cognitive and psychological constructs. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 440–449.
  • Reese, C. S., Suhr, J. A., & Riddle, T. L. (2012). Exploration of malingering indices in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Digit Span subtest. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 176–181.
  • Root, J. C., Robbins, R. N., Chang, L., & Van Gorp, W. G. (2006). Detection of inadequate effort on the California Verbal Learning Test: Forced choice recognition and critical item analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 688–696.
  • Roth, R. S., & Spencer, R. J. (2013). Iatrogenic risk in the management of mild traumatic brain injury among combat veterans: A case illustration and commentary. Journal of Palliative Care Med, 1, 2.
  • Ruocco, A. C., Swirsky-Sacchetti, T., Chute, D. L., Mandel, S., Platek, S. M., & Zillmer, E. A. (2008). Distinguishing between neuropsychological malingering and exaggerated psychiatric symptoms in a neuropsychological setting. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 547–564.
  • Russo, A. (2012). Symptom validity test performance and consistency of self-reported memory functioning of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans with positive Veterans Health Administraion Comprehensice Traumatic Brain Injury evaluations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 840–848.
  • Silver, J. M. (2012). Effort, exaggeration and malingering after concussion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 83, 836–841.
  • Slick, D. J., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., & Spellacy, F. J. (1996). Victoria Symptom Validity Test: Efficiency for detecting feigned memory impairment and relationship to neuropsychological tests and MMPI-2 validity scales. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 911–922.
  • Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545–561.
  • Stevens, A., Friedel, E., Mehren, G., & Merten, T. (2008). Malingering and uncooperativeness in psychiatric and psychological assessment: Prevalence and effects in a German sample of claimants. Psychiatry Research, 157, 191–200.
  • Strauss, E., Sherman, E., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Tiffen, J. (1968). Purdue Pegboard examiner’s manual. Rosemont, IL: London House.
  • Tolin, D. F., Steenkamp, M. M., Marx, B. P., & Litz, B. T. (2010). Detecting symptom exaggeration in combat veterans using the MMPI-2 symptom validity scales: A mixed group validation. Psychological Assessement, 22, 729–736.
  • Van Dyke, S.A., Millis, S. R., Axelrod, B. N., & Hanks, R. A. (2013). Assessing effort: Differentiating performance and symptom validity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, (e Pub ahead of print), 1–13.
  • Vanderploeg, R. D., Cooper, D. B., Belanger, H. G., Donnell, A. J., Kennedy, J. E., Hopewell, C. A., & Scott, S. G. (2014). Screening for postdeployment conditions: Development and cross-validation of an embedded validity scale in the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(1), 1–10.
  • Victor, T. L., Boone, K. B., Serpa, J. G., Buehler, J., & Ziegler, E. A. (2009). Interpreting the meaning of multiple symptom validity test failure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 297–313.
  • Vogt, D. S., Proctor, S. P., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Vasterling, J. J. (2008). Validation of scales from the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory in a sample of Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Assessment, 15, 391–403.
  • Weathers, F. W., Huska, J.A., & Keane, T.M. (1991). PCL-C for DSM-IV. Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD-Behavioral Science Division.
  • Weschler, D. (2008). Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
  • West, L. K., Curtis, K. L., Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2011). Memory in traumatic brain injury: The effects of injury severity and effort on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III. Journal of Neuropsychology, 5, 114–125.
  • Whiteside, D. M., Dunbar-Mayer, P., & Waters, D. P. (2009). Relationship between Tomm performance and PAI validity scales in a mixed clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 523–533.
  • Whitney, K. A., Shepard, P. H., Mariner, J., Mossbarger, B., & Herman, S. M. (2010). Validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR): Effort considered in a clinical sample of U.S. military veterans. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 196–204.
  • Whitney, K. A., Shepard, P. H., Williams, A. L., Davis, J. J., & Adams, K. M. (2009). The Medical Symptom Validity Test in the evaluation of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom soldiers: A preliminary study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 145–152.
  • Williams, J. B., Gibbons, M., First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Davies, M., … Wittchen, H. (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). Multisite test–retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 630–636.
  • Wisdom, N. M., Pastorek, N. J., Miller, B. I., Booth, J. E., Romesser, J. M., Linck, J. F., & Sim, A. H. (2013). PTSD and cognitive functioning: Importance of including performance validity testing. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 1–18.
  • Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Stafford, K. P., Freeman, D. B., & Heilbronner, R. L. (2007). The relation between symptom validity testing and MMPI-2 scores as a function of forensic evaluation context. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 489–499.
  • Young, J. C., Roper, B. L., & Sawyer, R. J. (2011). Symptom Validity Test use and estimated base rates of failure in the VA healthcare system. Poster presented at American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Meeting in Washington, D.C.
  • Young, J. C., Sawyer, R. J., Roper, B. L., & Baughman, B. C. (2012). Expansion and re-examination of Digit Span effort indices on the WAIS-IV. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 147–159.
  • Zakzanis, K. K., Gammada, E., & Jeffay, E. (2012). The predictive utility of neuropsychological symptom validity testing as it relates to psychological presentation. Applied Neuropsychology Adult, 19, 98–107.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.