Neuropsychologists’ Validity Testing Beliefs and Practices: A Survey of North American Professionals

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ardolf, B. R., Denney, R. L., & Houston, C. M. (2007). Base rates of negative response bias and malingered neurocognitive dysfunction among criminal defendants referred for neuropsychological evaluation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 899–916.10.1080/13825580600966391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkes, H. R., & Harkness, A. R. (1980). Effect of making a diagnosis on subsequent recognition of symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 568–575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2008). MMPI-2 Restructured Form: Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berthelson, L., Mulchan, S. S., Odland, A. P., Miller, L. J., & Mittenberg, W. (2013). False positive diagnosis of malingering due to the use of multiple effort tests. Brain Injury, 27, 909–916.10.3109/02699052.2013.793400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, E. (2014). Effort, symptom validity testing, performance validity testing, and traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 28, 1623–1638.10.3109/02699052.2014.947627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilder, R. M., Sugar, C. A., & Hellemann, G. S. (2014). Cumulative false positive rates given multiple performance validity tests: Commentary on Davis and Millis (2014) and Larrabee (2014). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 1212–1223.10.1080/13854046.2014.969774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, K. (2009). The need for continuous and comprehensive sampling of effort/response bias during neuropsychological examinations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 729–741.10.1080/13854040802427803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, K. B. (2007). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment. A neuropsychological perspective. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, K. B. (2013). Clinical practice of forensic neuropsychology: An evidence-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, K. B., Salazar, X., Lu, P., Warner-Chacon, K., & Razani, J. (2002). The Rey 15-item recognition trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-item memorization test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 561–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buddin, H. W., Schroeder, R. W., Hargrave, D. D., Von Dran, E. J., Campbell, E. B., Brockman, C. J., ... Baade, L. E. (2014). An examination of the frequency of invalid forgetting on the Test of Memory Malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 525–542.10.1080/13854046.2014.906658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Tröster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Plisken, N. H., ... Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN policy and planning committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419–426.10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinou, M., Bauer, L., Ashendorf, L., Fisher, J. M., & Mccaffrey, R. J. (2005). Is poor performance on recognition memory effort measures indicative of generalized poor performance on neuropsychological tests? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 191–198.10.1016/j.acn.2004.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Ponds, R. W. H. M., & Merten, T. (2013). Symptom validity and neuropsychological assessment: A survey of practices and beliefs of neuropsychologists in six European countries. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 771–783.10.1093/arclin/act073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Ponds, R. W. H. M., Peter, M. J. V., & Merckelbach, H. (2011). Cognitive underperformance and symptom over-reporting in a mixed psychiatric sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 812–828.10.1080/13854046.2011.583280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. J., & Millis, S. R. (2014a). Examination of performance validity test failure in relation to number of tests administered. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 199–214.10.1080/13854046.2014.884633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. J., & Millis, S. R. (2014b). Reply to commentary by Bilder, Sugar, and Helleman (2014 this issue) on minimizing false positive error with multiple performance validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 1224–1229.10.1080/13854046.2014.987167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garb, H. N. (1996). The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 272–277.10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garb, H. N. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgment research and psychological assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/10299-000
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2003). Green’s Word Memory Test for Microsoft Windows. Edmonton: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2007). The pervasive influence of effort on neuropsychological tests. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 18, 43–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, P., Flaro, L., & Courtney, J. (2009). Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23, 741–750.10.1080/02699050903133962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P., & Merten, T. (2013). Noncredible explanations of noncredible performance on symptom validity tests. In D. A. Carone & S. S. Bush (Eds.), Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 73–100). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., Rohling, M. L., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Allen, L. M. (2001). Effort has a greater effect on test scores than severe brain injury in compensation claimants. Brain Injury, 15, 1045–1060.10.1080/02699050110088254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiffenstein, M. F., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & Baker, W. J. (2008). Test of Memory Malingering and Word Memory Test: A new comparison of failure concordance rates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 801–807.10.1016/j.acn.2008.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Love, J. M., Brennan, A., & Heinly, M. T. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of MMPI-2 validity scales and indicators to malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 491–512.10.1080/13854040590967144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Ord, J., Curtis, K. L., Bianchini, K. J., & Brennan, A. (2008). Detecting malingering in traumatic brain injury and chronic pain: A comparison of three forced-choice symptom validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 896–918.10.1080/13854040701565208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmette, T. J. (2013). The role of clinical judgment in symptom validity assessment. In D. A. Carone & S. S. Bush (Eds.), Mild traumatic injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 31–43). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gunner, J. H., Miele, A. S., Lynch, J. K., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2012). The Albany Consistency Index for the Test of Memory Malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(1), 1–9.10.1093/arclin/acr089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., Rosenblum, Y., & Currie, S. (2010). Examining unusual digit span performance in a population of postsecondary students assessed for academic difficulties. Assessment, 17, 283–293.10.1177/1073191109348590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. L., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Participants Conference. (2009). American academy of clinical neuropsychology consensus conference statement on neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093–1129.10.1080/13854040903155063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. C., Silverberg, N. D., Millis, S. R., & Hanks, R. A. (2012). Symptom validity indicators embedded in the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 1230–1241.10.1080/13854046.2012.709886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, S., Coughlan, A. K., Rowbottom, C., Wilkinson, K., Teggart, V., & Baker, G. (2008). The base rate of effort test failure in patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 319–325.10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Hargrave, D. D., & Kirk, J. W. (2011). The value of the WISC-IV Digit Span subtest in detecting noncredible performance during pediatric neuropsychological examinations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 377–384.10.1093/arclin/acr040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), 17, 410–425.10.1076/clin.17.3.410.18089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2007). Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2008). Aggregation across multiple indicators improves the detection of malingering: Relationship to likelihood ratios. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 666–679.10.1080/13854040701494987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2012). Performance validity and symptom validity in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 625–631.10.1017/S1355617712000240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2014a). False-positive rates associated with the use of multiple performance and symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29, 364–373.10.1093/arclin/acu019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2014b). Minimizing false positive error with multiple performance validity tests: Response to Bilder, Sugar, and Hellemann (2014 this issue). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 1230–1242.10.1080/13854046.2014.988754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., & Gardner, W. (1993). The accuracy of predictions of violence to others. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1007–1011.10.1001/jama.1993.03500080055032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, D. E., Smigielski, J. S., Powell, M. R., & Stevens, S. R. (2008). Effort issues in post-acute outpatient acquired brain injury rehabilitation seekers. NeuroRehabilitation, 23, 273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, P., Schroeder, R., O’Brien, J., Fischer, R., Ries, A., Blesi, B., & Barker, J. (2010). Effectiveness of symptom validity measures in identifying cognitive and behavioral symptom exaggeration in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 1204–1237.10.1080/13854046.2010.514290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P. K., Schroeder, R. W., Heinrichs, R. J., & Baade, L. E. (2015). Does true neurocognitive dysfunction contribute to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition-Restructured Form cognitive validity scale scores? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30, 377–386.10.1093/arclin/acv032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarter, R. J., Walton, N. H., Brooks, D. H., & Powell, G. E. (2009). Effort testing in contemporary UK neuropsychological practice. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1050–1066.10.1080/13854040802665790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medici, R. (2013). The use of multiple performance validity tests. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 13, 68–78.10.1080/15228932.2013.746909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchkelbach, H., Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., van Mulken, P., Ponds, R., & Niesten, E. (2013). Exaggerating psychopathology produces residual effects that are resistant to corrective feedback: An experimental demonstration. Applied Nueropsychology, 22, 16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, J. E., Volbrecht, M., Axelrod, B. N., & Reinsch-Boothby, L. (2011). Embedded symptom validity tests and overall neuropsychological test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 8–15.10.1093/arclin/acq083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miele, A. S., Gunner, J. H., Lynch, J. K., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2012). Are embedded validity indices equivalent to free-standing symptom validity tests? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 10–22.10.1093/arclin/acr084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis, S. R. (2009). What clinicians really need to know about symptom exaggeration, insufficient effort, and malingering: Statistical and measurement matters. In J. E. Morgan & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 21–37). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), 24, 1094–1102.10.1076/jcen.24.8.1094.8379
   Google Scholar
• Mittenberg, W., Theroux, S., Aguila-Puentes, G., Bianchini, K., Greve, K., & Rayls, K. (2001). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 3rd Edition. Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 440–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nies, K. J., & Sweet, J. J. (1994). Neuropsychological assessment and malingering: A critical review of past and present strategies. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9, 501–552.10.1016/0887-6177(94)90041-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odland, A. P., Lammy, A., Martin, P., Grote, C., & Mittenberg, W. (2015). Advanced administration and interpretation of multiple validity tests. Psychological Injury & Law, 8, 46–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, A., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Lee, M. D., Markowitsch, H. J., & Piefke, M. (2012). A Bayesian latent group analysis for detecting poor effort in the assessment of malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 453–465.10.1093/arclin/acs038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankratz, L. (1988). Malingering on intellectual and neuropsychological measures. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (2nd ed., pp. 223–236). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, C. P., Schroeder, R. W., Heinrichs, R. J., VonDran, E. J., Brockman, C. J., Webster, B. K., & Baade, L. E. (2013). Differences in MMPI-2 FBS and RBS scores in brain injury, probable malingering, and conversion disorder groups: A preliminary study. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 693–707.10.1080/13854046.2013.779032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, D. A., Lindsay, D. S., Memon, A., & Bull, R. (1995). Psychotherapy and the recovery of memories of childhood sexual abuse: U.S. and British practitioners’ opinions, practices, and experiences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 426–437.10.1037/0022-006X.63.3.426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proto, D. A., Pastorek, N. J., Miller, B. I., Romesser, J. M., Sim, A. H., & Linck, J. F. (2014). The dangers of failing one or more performance validity tests in individuals claiming mild traumatic brain injury-related postconcussive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29, 614–624.10.1093/arclin/acu044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. (2008). An introduction to response styles. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (pp. 1–13). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., & Granacher, R. P. (2011). Conceptualization and assessment of malingering. In E. Y. Drogin, F. M. Datilio, R. L. Sadoff, & T. G. Gutheil (Eds.), Handbook of forensic assessment (pp. 659–678). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.10.1002/9781118093399
   Google Scholar
• Ruocco, A. C., Swirsky-Sacchetti, T., Chute, D. L., Mandel, S., Platek, S. M., & Zillmer, E. A. (2008). Distinguishing between neuropsychological malingering and exaggerated psychiatric symptoms in a neuropsychological setting. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 547–564.10.1080/13854040701336444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar, X. F., Lu, P. H., Wen, J., & Boone, K. B. (2007). The use of effort tests in ethnic minorities and in non-English-speaking and English as a second language populations. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 205–427). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., Baade, L. E., Peck, C. P., VonDran, E. J., Brockman, C. J., Webster, B. K., & Heinrichs, R. J. (2012). Validation of MMPI-2-RF validity scales in criterion group neuropsychological samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 129–146.10.1080/13854046.2011.639314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., Buddin, W. H., Jr., Hargrave, D. D., VonDran, E. J., Campbell, E. B., Brockmas, C. J., … Baade, L. E. (2013). Efficacy of Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1, Trial 2, the Retention Trial, and the Albany Consistency Index in a criterion group forensic neuropsychological sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 21–29.10.1093/arclin/acs094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., & Marshall, P. S. (2010). Validation of the Sentence Repetition Test as a measure of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 326–343.10.1080/13854040903369441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., & Marshall, P. S. (2011). Evaluation of the appropriateness of multiple symptom validity indices in psychotic and non-psychotic psychiatric populations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 437–453.10.1080/13854046.2011.556668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., Peck, C. P., Buddin, W. H., Heinrichs, R. J., & Baade, L. E. (2012). The Coin-in-the-Hand Test and Dementia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 25, 139–143.10.1097/WNN.0b013e31826b71c1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., Twumasi-Ankrah, P., Baade, L. E., & Marshall, P. S. (2012). Reliable Digit Span: A systematic review and cross-validation study. Assessment, 19, 21–30.10.1177/1073191111428764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, C., & Axelrod, B. N. (2013). Use of embedded cognitive symptom validity measures in mild traumatic brain injury cases. In D. A. Carone & S. Bush (Eds.), Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 159–181). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schutte, C., Millis, S. R., Axelrod, B. N., & Van Dyke, S. (2011). Derivation of a composite measure of embedded symptom validity indices. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 454–462.10.1080/13854046.2010.550635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharland, M. J., & Gfeller, J. D. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 213–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slick, D. J., & Sherman, E. M. S. (2013). Differential diagnosis of malingering. In D. A. Carone & S. S. Bush (Eds.), Mild traumatic brain injury: Symptom validity assessment and malingering (pp. 57–72). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 465–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slick, D. J., Tan, J. E., Strauss, E. H., & Hultsch, D. F. (2004). Detecting malingering: A survey of experts’ practices. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 465–473.10.1016/j.acn.2003.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollman, M. J., & Berry, D. T. R. (2011). Detection of inadequate effort on neuropsychological testing: A meta-analytic update and extension. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 774–789.10.1093/arclin/acr066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchy, Y., Chelune, G. J., Franchow, E. I., & Thorgusen, S. R. (2012). Confronting patients about insufficient effort: The impact on subsequent symptom validity and memory performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 1296–1311.10.1080/13854046.2012.722230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, M. L., & Youngjohn, J. R. (2009). Let’s not get hysterical: Comparing the MMPI-2 validity, clinical, and RC scales in TBI litigants tested for effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1067–1084.10.1080/13854040902795000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131.10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke, S. A., Millis, S. R., Axelrod, B. N., & Hanks, R. A. (2013). Assessing effort: Differentiating performance and symptom validity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 1234–1246.10.1080/13854046.2013.835447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor, T. L., Boone, K. B., Serpa, J. G., Buehler, J., & Ziegler, E. A. (2009). Interpreting the meaning of multiple symptom validity test failure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 297–313.10.1080/13854040802232682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, D., Wald, D., & Busse, M. (2011). Classification accuracy of multiple visual spatial measures in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 287–301.10.1080/13854046.2010.538436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, P. L., Millis, S. R., Hanks, R., Fichtenberg, N., Larrabee, G. J., & Sweet, J. J. (2010). Effort indicators within the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 153–168.10.1080/13854040903107791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, G. (2014). Malingering, feigning, and response bias in psychiatric/psychological injury: Implications for practice and court. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.10.1007/978-94-007-7899-3
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. C., Caron, J. E., Baughman, B. C., & Sawyer, R. J. (2012). Detection of suboptimal effort with Symbol Span: Development of a new embedded index. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 159–164.10.1093/arclin/acr109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar