317
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Issues

Reading Ability as an Estimator of Premorbid Intelligence: Does It Remain Stable Among Ethnically Diverse HIV+ Adults?

, , , , &
Pages 1034-1052 | Received 19 Feb 2015, Accepted 15 Nov 2015, Published online: 21 Dec 2015

References

  • Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J. T., Brew, B. J., Byrd, D. A., Cherner, M., … Clifford, D. B. (2007). Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology, 69, 1789–1799. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b
  • Ashendorf, L., Jefferson, A. L., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2009). Test–retest stability on the WRAT-3 reading subtest in geriatric cognitive evaluations. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 605–610. doi:10.1080/13803390802375557
  • Barona, A., Reynolds, C. R., & Chastain, R. (1984). A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 885–887. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.52.5.885
  • Benedict, R. H. (1997). Brief visuospatial memory test-revised. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Benedict, R. H., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998). Hopkins verbal learning test? Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test–retest reliability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), 12, 43–55. doi:10.1076/clin.12.1.43.1726
  • Blalock, H. M., Jr. (1979). Social statistics ( 2nd ed. rev.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Boekamp, J. R., Strauss, M. E., & Adams, N. (1995). Estimating premorbid intelligence in African–American and White elderly veterans using the American version of the national adult reading test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 645–653.10.1080/01688639508405155
  • Casaletto, K. B., Cattie, J., Franklin, D. R., Moore, D. J., Woods, S. P., Grant, I., … HNRP Group (2014). The wide range achievement test-4 reading subtest “holds” in HIV-infected individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 2–10. doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.960370
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). HIV among African Americans. Retrieved from CDC Website: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/index.htm
  • Chambers, L. A., Wilson, M. G., Rueda, S., Gogolishvili, D., Shi, M. Q., & The Positive Aging Review Team (2014). Evidence informing the intersection of HIV, aging and health: A scoping review. AIDS Behavior, 18, 661–675.10.1007/s10461-013-0627-5
  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284–290.10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
  • Cosentino, S., Manly, J., & Mungas, D. (2007). Do reading tests measure the same construct in multiethnic and multilingual older persons? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 228–236. doi:10.1017/S1355617707070257
  • Crawford, J. R., Deary, I. J., Starr, J., & Whalley, L. J. (2001). The NART as an index of prior intellectual functioning: A retrospective validity study covering a 66-year interval. Psychological Medicine, 31, 451–458.
  • Crawford, J. R., & Garthwaite, P. H. (2006). Comparing patients’ predicted test scores from a regression equation with their obtained scores: A significance test and point estimate of abnormality with accompanying confidence limits. Neuropsychology, 20, 259–271.10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.259
  • Crawford, J. R., Parker, D. M., Stewart, L. E., Besson, J. A. O., & Lacey, G. (1989). Prediction of WAIS IQ with the national adult reading test: Cross-validation and extension. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 267–273.10.1111/bjc.1989.28.issue-3
  • Cysique, L. A., Franklin, D., Abramson, I., Ellis, R. J., Letendre, S., Collier, A., … Clifford, D. (2011). Normative data and validation of a regression based summary score for assessing meaningful neuropsychological change. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 505–522. doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.535504
  • Del Ser, T., González-Montalvo, J. I., Martı́nez-Espinosa, S., Delgado-Villapalos, C., & Bermejo, F. (1997). Estimation of premorbid intelligence in Spanish people with the word accentuation test and its application to the diagnosis of dementia. Brain and Cognition, 33, 343–356. Retrieved from doi:10.1006/brcg.1997.0877
  • Diehr, M. C., Cherner, M., Wolfson, T. J., Miller, S. W., Grant, I., Heaton, R. K., & HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group (2003). The 50 and 100-item short forms of Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Demographically corrected norms and comparisons with the full PASAT in normal and clinical samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), 25, 571–585. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.4.571.13876
  • Duff, K. (2012). Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 248–261. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr120
  • Dura, J. R., Myers, E. G., & Freathy, D. T. (1989). Stability of the wide range achievement test in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient setting. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 253–256. doi:10.1177/0013164489491028
  • Everall, I., Vaida, F., Khanlou, N., Lazzaretto, D., Achim, C., Letendre, S., … Moore, D. (2009). Cliniconeuropathologic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Neurovirology, 15, 360–370. doi:10.3109/13550280903131915
  • Fleishman, J., & Benson, J. (1987). Using LISREL to evaluate measurement models and scale reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurements., 47, 891–896.
  • Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Franzen, M. D., Burgess, E. J., & Smith-Seemiller, L. (1997). Methods of estimating premorbid functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 711–738. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00046-2
  • Gladsjo, J. A., Schuman, C. C., Evans, J. D., Peavy, G. M., Miller, S. W., & Heaton, R. K. (1999). Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. Assessment, 6, 147–178. doi:10.1177/107319119900600204
  • Grant, I., & Atkinson, J. H. (1995). Psychiatric aspects of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (Vol. 2, pp. 1644–1669). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
  • Green, R. E. A., Melo, B., Christensen, B., Ngo, L., Monette, G., & Bradbury, C. (2008). Measuring premorbid IQ in traumatic brain injury: An examination of the validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 163–172. doi:10.1080/13803390701300524
  • Griffin, S. L., Mindt, M., Rankin, E. J., Ritchie, A. J., & Scott, J. G. (2002). Estimating premorbid intelligence: Comparison of traditional and contemporary methods across the intelligence continuum. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 497–507. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(01)00136-6
  • Hartelius, L., Carlstedt, A., Ytterberg, M., Lillvik, M., & Laakso, K. (2003). Speech disorders in mild and moderate Huntington’s disease: Results of dysarthria assessment of 19 individuals. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 34, 106–112.
  • Harvey, P. D., Friedman, J. I., Bowie, C., Reichenberg, A., McGurk, S. R., Parrella, M., … White, L. (2006). Validity and stability of performance-based estimates of premorbid educational functioning in older patients with Schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 178–192. doi:10.1080/13803390500360349
  • Heaton, R. K., Clifford, D. B., Franklin, D. R., Woods, S. P., Ake, C., Vaida, F. … CHARTER Group. (2010). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study. Neurology, 75, 2087–2096.10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727
  • Heaton, R. K., Franklin, D. R. Jr., Deutsch, R., Letendre, S., Ellis, R. J., Casaletto, K., … CHARTER Group. (2015). Neurocognitive change in the era of HIV combination antiretroviral therapy: The longitudinal CHARTER Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60, 473–480.10.1093/cid/ciu862
  • Heaton, R., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an Expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Heaton, R., Kirson, D., Velin, R., Grant, I., & Group, T. H. (1994). The utility of clinical ratings for detecting early cognitive change in HIV infection. In I. Grant & A. Martin (Eds.), Neuropsychology of HIV Infection (pp. 188–206). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G. (1984). The wide range achievement test: Manual of instructions. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates.
  • Johnson, M. E., Fisher, D. G., Rhodes, F., & Booth, R. (1996). Test–retest stability and concurrent validity of two reading tests with a drug-abusing population. Assessment, 3, 111–114. doi:10.1177/107319119600300202
  • Johnstone, B., & Wilhelm, K. L. (1996). The longitudinal stability of the WRAT-R Reading subtest: Is it an appropriate estimate of premorbid intelligence? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 282–285. doi:10.1017/S1355617700001296
  • Kongs, S. K., Thompson, L. L., Iverson, G. L., & Heaton, R. K. (2000). Wisconsin card sorting test-64 card computerized version. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Maddrey, A. M., Cullum, C. M., Weiner, M. F., & Filley, C. M. (1996). Premorbid intelligence estimation and level of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 551–555.10.1017/S1355617700001727
  • Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Touradji, P., Small, S. A., & Stern, Y. (2002). Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and White elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 341–348. doi:10.1017/S1355617702813157
  • McCabe, P., Sheard, C., & Code, C. (2007). Pragmatic skills in people with HIV/AIDS. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29, 1251–1260.10.1080/09638280600963069
  • McCaffrey, R. J., Duff, K., & Westervelt, H. J. (2000). Practitioner’s guide to evaluating change with neuropsychological assessment instruments. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Morrison, G., Sharkey, V., Allardyce, J., Kelly, R. C., & McCreadie, R. G. (2000). Nithsdale Schizophrenia surveys 21: A longitudinal study of National Adult Reading Test stability. Psychological Medicine, 30, 717–720.10.1017/S0033291799001920
  • Nelson, H. E., & McKenna, P. (1975). The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 259–267. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1975.tb00178.x
  • O’Rourke, J. J. F., Adams, W. H., Duff, K., Byars, J., Nopoulos, P., Paulsen, J. S., & Beglinger, L. J. (2011). Estimating premorbid functioning in Huntington’s disease: The relationships between disease progression and the Wide Range Achievement Test Reading Subtest. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(1), 59–66.10.1093/arclin/acq088
  • Orme, D. R., Johnstone, B., Hanks, R., & Novack, T. (2004). The WRAT-3 reading subtest as a measure of premorbid intelligence among persons with brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 49, 250–253. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.49.3.250
  • Patterson, K., Graham, N., & Hodges, J. R. (1994). Reading in dementia of the Alzheimer type: A preserved ability? Neuropsychology, I, 395–407.10.1037/0894-4105.8.3.395
  • Ryan, E. L., Baird, R., Mind, M. R., Byrd, D., Monzones, J., Morgello, S., & for the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank. (2005). Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in patient characterization. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 889–898. doi:10.1017/S1355617705051040
  • Ryan, E. L., Byrd, D., Mindt, M. R., Rausch, W. J., & Morgello, S. (2008). Understanding the neuropsychological profile of HIV+ participants with low literacy: Role of the general ability measure for adults (Gama). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 1018–1034. doi:10.1080/13854040701750883
  • Schoenberg, M. R., Scott, J. G., Duff, K., & Adams, R. L. (2002). Estimation of WAIS-III intelligence from combined performance and demographic variables: Development of the OPIE-3. The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), 16, 426–438. doi:10.1076/clin.16.4.426.13913
  • Smith, D., Roberts, S., Brewer, W., & Pantelis, C. (1998). Test–retest reliability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) as an estimate of premorbid IQ in patients with Schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 3, 71–80.10.1080/135468098396251
  • Smith-Seemiller, L., Franzen, M. D., Burgess, E. J., & Prieto, L. R. (1997). Neuropsychologists’ practice patterns in assessing premorbid intelligence. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 739–744. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00047-4
  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Sprinks, R., Mckirgan, L. W., Arndt, S., Caspers, K., Yucuis, R., & Pfalzgraf, C. J. (2009). IQ estimate smackdown: Comparing IQ proxy measures to the WAIS-III. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 590–596.10.1017/S1355617709090766
  • Stebbins, G. T., Wilson, R. S., Gilley, D., Bernard, B. A., & Fox, J. H. (1990). Use of the national adult reading test to estimate premorbid IQ in dementia. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4, 18–24.10.1080/13854049008401493
  • Temkin, N. R., Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Dikmen, S. S. (1999). Detecting significant change in neuropsychological test performance: A comparison of four models. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 357–369.
  • Uttl, B. (2002). North American adult reading test: Age norms, reliability, and validity. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), 24, 1123–1137.10.1076/jcen.24.8.1123.8375
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler adult intelligence scale – Third edition: Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace.
  • Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler test of adult reading. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Whitney, K. A., Shepard, P. H., Mariner, J., Mossbarger, B., & Herman, S. M. (2010). Validity of the Wechsler Test of adult reading (WTAR): Effort considered in a clinical sample of U.S. military veterans. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 196–204. doi:10.1080/09084282.2010.499787
  • Wilkinson, G. S. (1993). WRAT-3: Wide range achievement test administration manual (3rd ed.). Wilmington, DE: Western Psychological Services.
  • Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide range achievement test – Fourth edition: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Willshire, D., Kinsella, G., & Prior, M. (1991). Estimating WAIS-R IQ from the national adult reading test: A cross-validation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 204–216. doi:10.1080/01688639108401038
  • Woods, S. P., Moore, D. J., Weber, E., & Grant, I. (2009). Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 152–168. doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5
  • Woods, S. P., Rippeth, J. D., Frol, A. B., Levy, J. K., Ryan, E., Soukup, V. M., … Hinkin, C. H. (2004). Interrater reliability of clinical ratings and neurocognitive diagnoses in HIV. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 759–778. doi:10.1080/13803390490509565
  • Woodward, C. A., Santa-Barbara, J., & Roberts, R. (1975). Test–retest reliability of the wide range achievement test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 81–84. doi:10.1002/1097-4679

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.