A systematic review of sex differences in concussion outcome: What do we know?

References

• Albrecht, J. S., Hirshon, J. M., McCunn, M., Bechtold, K. T., Rao, V., Simoni-Wastila, L., & Smith, G. S. (2016). Increased rates of mild traumatic brain injury among older adults in us emergency departments, 2009-2010: Mild traumatic brain injury in older adults. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(5), E1–E7. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asken, B. M., Snyder, A. R., Clugston, J. R., Gaynor, L. S., Sullan, M. J., & Bauer, R. M. (2017). Concussion-like symptom reporting in non-concussed collegiate athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(8), 963–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, B. C., Cooper, L., Kirkendall, D. T., McDermott, T. P., Jordan, B. D., & Garrett, W. E. (1998). Concussion history in elite male and female soccer players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazarian, J. J., Blyth, B., Mookerjee, S., He, H., & McDermott, M. P. (2010). Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 27(3), 527–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, P. A., Baner, N. V., Harrold, G. K., Moehringer, N., Hasanaj, L., Serrano, L. P., … Flanagan, S. R. (2015). Gender and age predict outcomes of cognitive, balance and vision testing in a multidisciplinary concussion center. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 353(1), 111–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, A. M., Sergio, L. E., & Macpherson, A. K. (2017). The epidemiology of concussions: Number and nature of concussions and time to recovery among female and male Canadian Varsity Athletes 2008 to 2011. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 27(1), 52–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, B. P., Kirkendall, D. T., & Garrett, W. E. (1998). Concussion incidence in elite college soccer players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(2), 238–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, E., Cancelliere, C., Hartvigsen, J., Carroll, L. J., Holm, L. W., & Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Systematic review of prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in the military: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabiitationl, 95(3), S230–S237. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brainard, L. L., Beckwith, J. G., Chu, J. J., Crisco, J. J., McAllister, T. W., Duhaime, A.-C., … Greenwald, R. M. (2012). Gender differences in head impacts sustained by collegiate ice hockey players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(2), 297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickell, T. A., Lippa, S. M., French, L. M., Kennedy, J. E., Bailie, J. M., & Lange, R. T. (2017). Female service members and symptom reporting after combat and non-combat-related mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(2), 300–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broglio, S. P., Cantu, R. C., Gioia, G. A., Guskiewicz, K. M., Kutcher, J., Palm, M., & McLeod, T. C. V. (2014). National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: Management of sport concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(2), 245–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broglio, S. P., Ferrara, M. S., Macciocchi, S. N., Baumgartner, T. A., & Elliott, R. (2007). Test-retest reliability of computerized concussion assessment programs. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broshek, D. K., Kaushik, T., Freeman, J. R., Erlanger, D., Webbe, F., & Barth, J. T. (2005). Sex differences in outcome following sports-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery, 102(5), 856–863. doi: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.5.0856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. A., Elsass, J. A., Miller, A. J., Reed, L. E., & Reneker, J. C. (2015). Differences in symptom reporting between males and females at baseline and after a sports-related concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45(7), 1027–1040. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0335-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, L. J., Cassidy, J. D., Cancelliere, C., Côté, P., Hincapié, C. A., Kristman, V. L., … Hartvigsen, J. (2014). Systematic review of the prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in adults: Cognitive, psychiatric, and mortality outcomes: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(3), S152–S173. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003). Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem. Retrieved from Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Report to congress on traumatic brain injury in the United States: Epidemiology and rehabilitation. Retrieved from Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Rates of TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths by sex—United States, 2001–2010. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
   Google Scholar
• Chamard, E., Lassonde, M., Henry, L., Tremblay, J., Boulanger, Y., De Beaumont, L., & Théoret, H. (2013). Neurometabolic and microstructural alterations following a sports-related concussion in female athletes. Brain Injury, 27(9), 1038–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamard, E., Lefebvre, G., Lassonde, M., & Theoret, H. (2016). Long-term abnormalities in the corpus callosum of female concussed athletes. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(13), 1220–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, A. C., Mullen, J., Lovell, M. R., Vereeke West, R., Collins, M. W., & Groh, M. (2009). The role of concussion history and gender in recovery from soccer-related concussion. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(9), 1699–1704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Elbin III, R. J., Larson, E., & Kontos, A. P. (2012b). Sex and age differences in depression and baseline sport-related concussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(2), 98–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Elbin, R., Bleecker, A., Lipchik, A., & Kontos, A. P. (2013). Are there differences in neurocognitive function and symptoms between male and female soccer players after concussions? The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(12), 2890–2895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Elbin, R., Harris, W., Parker, T., & Kontos, A. (2012a). The role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability in athletes after concussion. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(6), 1303–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Elbin, R., Kontos, A., & Larson, E. (2010). Investigating baseline neurocognitive performance between male and female athletes with a history of multiple concussion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 81(6), 597–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Moran, R., & Elbin, R. (2016). Sex differences in reported concussion injury rates and time loss from participation: An update of The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program from 2004–2005 through 2008–2009. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(3), 189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Schatz, P., & Swanik, C. B. (2007). Sex differences in neuropsychological function and post-concussion symptoms of concussed collegiate athletes. Neurosurgery, 61(2), 345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Swanik, C. B., Sachs, M., Kendrick, Z., Schatz, P., Zillmer, E., & Kaminaris, C. (2006). Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(11), 923–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Swanik, C. B., Sachs, M., Kendrick, Z., Schatz, P., Zillmer, E., … Stearne, D. J. (2006). Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(11), 923–927. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.029496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Swanik, C. B., & Sachs, M. L. (2003). Sex differences and the incidence of concussions among collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 38(3), 238–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, J., Cusimano, M. D., & Bendena, W. G. (2015). Post-traumatic brain injury: Genetic susceptibility to outcome. Neuroscientist, 21(4), 424–441. doi: 10.1177/1073858414543150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, J. S., Lacroix, V. J., Leclerc, S., & Johnston, K. M. (2002). Concussions among university football and soccer players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 12(6), 331–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Defense. (2015). 2015 Demographics: Profile of the military community. Retrieved from http://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2015-Demographics-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dichter, M. E., Cerulli, C., & Bossarte, R. M. (2011). Intimate partner violence victimization among women veterans and associated heart health risks. Womens Health Issues, 21(4 Suppl), S190–S194. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2011.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, R. W., Hootman, J. M., Agel, J., & Marshall, S. W. (2008). Concussion rates and gender in NCAA competitions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(5), S231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolle, J. P., Jaye, A., Anderson, S. A., Ahmadzadeh, H., Shenoy, V. B., & Smith, D. H. (2018). Newfound sex differences in axonal structure underlie differential outcomes from in vitro traumatic axonal injury. Experimental Neurology, 300, 121–134. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougan, B. K., Horswill, M. S., & Geffen, G. M. (2014). Athletes’ age, sex, and years of education moderate the acute neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(1), 64–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellemberg, D., Leclerc, S., Couture, S., & Daigle, C. (2007). Prolonged neuropsychological impairments following a first concussion in female university soccer athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(5), 369–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhran, S., Yaeger, K., Collins, M., & Alhilali, L. (2014). Sex differences in white matter abnormalities after mild traumatic brain injury: Localization and correlation with outcome. Radiology, 272(3), 815–823. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14132512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farace, E., & Alves, W. M. (2000). Do women fare worse: A metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome. Journal of Neurosurgery, 93, 539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frayne, S. M., Phibbs, C. S., Saechao, F., Maisel, N. C., Friedman, S. A., Finlay, & Haskell, S. (2014). Sourcebook, women veterans in the Veterans Health Administration: Volume 3, Sociodemographics, utilization, costs of care, and health profile. Washington, DC: Women’s Health Evaluation Initiative, Women’s Health Services, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Frost, R. B., Farrer, T. J., Primosch, M., & Hedges, D. W. (2013). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in the general adult population: A meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology, 40(3), 154–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, C., Junge, A., & Dvorak, J. (2005). A six year prospective study of the incidence and causes of head and neck injuries in international football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(Suppl 1), i3–i9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garden, N., & Sullivan, K. A. (2010). An examination of the base rates of post-concussion symptoms: The influence of demographics and depression. Applied Neuropsychology, 17(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1080/09084280903297495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessel, L. M., Fields, S. K., Collins, C. L., Dick, R. W., & Comstock, R. D. (2007). Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 495–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza, C. C., Kutcher, J. S., Ashwal, S., Barth, J., Getchius, T. S., Gioia, G. A., … Manley, G. (2013). Summary of evidence-based guideline update: Evaluation and management of concussion in sports Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 80(24), 2250–2257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granito Jr, V. J. (2002). Psychological response to athletic injury: Gender differences. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25(3), 243–259.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon, K. G., Drezner, J. A., Gammons, M., Guskiewicz, K. M., Halstead, M., Herring, S. A., … Roberts, W. O. (2013). American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: Concussion in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 15–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks, A. M., Amara, J., Baker, E., Charns, M. P., Garner, J. A., Iverson, K. M., … Lew, H. L. (2013). Screening for mild traumatic brain injury in OEF-OIF deployed US military: An empirical assessment of VHA’s experience. Brain Injury, 27(2), 125–134. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2012.729284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, L. C., Elbin, R., Collins, M. W., Marchetti, G., & Kontos, A. P. (2015). Examining recovery trajectories after sport-related concussion with a multimodal clinical assessment approach. Neurosurgery, 78(2), 232–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hootman, J. M., Dick, R., & Agel, J. (2007). Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: Summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(2), 311–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., Xu, Q., Li, K., Zhu, H., Qi, R., Zhang, Z., & Lu, G. (2013). Gender differences of brain glucose metabolic networks revealed by FDG-PET: Evidence from a large cohort of 400 young adults. PLoS One, 8(12), e83821. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. L., & Lange, R. T. (2003). Examination of “postconcussion-like” symptoms in a healthy sample. Applied Neuropsychology, 10(3), 137–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, K. M., Hendricks, A. M., Kimerling, R., Krengel, M., Meterko, M., Stolzmann, K. L., … Lew, H. L. (2011). Psychiatric diagnoses and neurobehavioral symptom severity among OEF/OIF VA patients with deployment-related traumatic brain injury: A gender comparison. Women’s Health Issues, 21(4), S210–S217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, Z. Y., Evenson, K. R., Rosamond, W. D., Mihalik, J. P., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Marshall, S. W. (2014). Association between concussion and mental health in former collegiate athletes. Injury Epidemiology, 1(1), 28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr, Z. Y., Roos, K. G., Djoko, A., Dalton, S. L., Broglio, S. P., Marshall, S. W., & Dompier, T. P. (2017). Epidemiologic measures for quantifying the incidence of concussion in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(3), 167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, N. S. (2014a). Permanent post concussion symptoms after mild head injury: A systematic review of age and gender factors. NeuroRehabilitation, 34, 741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, N. S. (2014b). A systematic review of age and gender factors in prolonged post-concussion symptoms after mild head injury. Brain Injury, 28(13–14), 1639–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos, A. P., Covassin, T., Elbin, R., & Parker, T. (2012a). Depression and neurocognitive performance after concussion among male and female high school and collegiate athletes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(10), 1751–1756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos, A. P., Elbin, R., Schatz, P., Covassin, T., Henry, L., Pardini, J., & Collins, M. W. (2012b). A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: Baseline and postconcussion factors. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(10), 2375–2384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupina, N. C., Detloff, M. R., Bobrowski, W. F., Snyder, B. J., & Hall, E. D. (2003). Cytoskeletal protein degradation and neurodegeneration evolves differently in males and females following experimental head injury. Experimental Neurology, 180(1), 55–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwako, L. E., Glass, N., Campbell, J., Melvin, K. C., Barr, T., & Gill, J. M. (2011). Traumatic brain injury in intimate partner violence: A critical review of outcomes and mechanisms. Trauma Violence Abuse, 12(3), 115–126. doi: 10.1177/1524838011404251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, A. E., Hinton, R. Y., Almquist, J. L., Lager, S. L., & Dick, R. W. (2007). Head, face, and eye injuries in scholastic and collegiate lacrosse: A 4-year prospective study. The American journal of Sports Medicine, 35(2), 207–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippa, S. M., Brickell, T. A., Bailie, J. M., French, L. M., Kennedy, J. E., & Lange, R. T. (2018). Postconcussion symptom reporting after mild traumatic brain injury in female service members: Impact of gender, posttraumatic stress disorder, severity of injury, and associated bodily injuries. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(2), 101–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, M., Efron, P. A., Ozrazgat-Baslanti, T., Zhang, J. Y., Cuschieri, J., Maier, R. V., & Brakenridge, S. C. (2016). Sex-based differences in the genomic response, innate immunity, organ dysfunction, and clinical outcomes after severe blunt traumatic injury and hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 81(3), 478–485. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell, M. R., Collins, M. W., Maroon, J. C., Cantu, R. C., Hawn, M. A., Burke, C. J., & Fu, F. (2002). Inaccuracy of symptom reporting following concussion in athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(5), S298.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, C. L., Barber, J., Jordan, M., Johnson, A. M., Dikmen, S., Fann, J. R., & Temkin, N. (2017). Early clinical predictors of 5-year outcome after concussive blast traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurology, 74(7), 821–829. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., Broglio, S., … Castellani, R. J. (2017). Consensus statement on concussion in sport—The 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Published Online First: 26 April 2017. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
   Google Scholar
• Mihalik, J. P., Register-Mihalik, J., Kerr, Z. Y., Marshall, S. W., McCrea, M. C., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2013). Recovery of posttraumatic migraine characteristics in patients after mild traumatic brain injury. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(7), 1490–1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. W., Ashman, T. A., Cantor, J. B., Krinick, R. J., & Spielman, L. A. (2010). Does gender influence cognitive outcome after traumatic brain injury? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(3), 340–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morissette, S. B., Woodward, M., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., Kruse, M. I., Dolan, S., & Gulliver, S. B. (2011). Deployment-related TBI, persistent postconcussive symptoms, PTSD, and depression in OEF/OIF veterans. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56(4), 340–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrga, J. M., Failla, M. D., Ricker, J. H., Dixon, C. E., Conley, Y. P., Arenth, P. M., & Wagner, A. K. (2016). A dopamine pathway gene risk score for cognitive recovery following traumatic brain injury: Methodological considerations, preliminary findings, and interactions with sex. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(5) , E15–E29. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama, Y., Covassin, T., Schatz, P., Nogle, S., & Kovan, J. (2014). Examination of the test-retest reliability of a computerized neurocognitive test battery. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(8), 2000–2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ost, M., Nylen, K., Csajbok, L., Blenow, K., Rosengren, L., & Nellgard, B. (2008). Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and gender difference in outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 52(10), 1364–1369. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01675.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiss-Farzanegan, S. J., Chapman, B., Wong, T. M., Wu, J., & Bazarian, J. J. (2009). The relationship between gender and postconcussion symptoms after sport-related mild traumatic brain injury. PM&R, 1(3), 245–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resch, J. E., Macciocchi, S., & Ferrara, M. S. (2013). Preliminary evidence of equivalence of alternate forms of the ImPACT. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(8), 1265–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos, K. G., Wasserman, E. B., Dalton, S. L., Gray, A., Djoko, A., Dompier, T. P., & Kerr, Z. Y. (2017). Epidemiology of 3825 injuries sustained in six seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's soccer (2009/2010–2014/2015). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(13), 1029–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosene, J. M., Raksnis, B., Silva, B., Woefel, T., Visich, P. S., Dompier, T. P., & Kerr, Z. Y. (2017). Comparison of concussion rates between NCAA division I and division III men’s and women’s ice hockey players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 2622–2629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, P. (2010). Long-term test-retest reliability of baseline cognitive assessments using ImPACT. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(1), 47–53. doi: 10.1177/0363546509343805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, P., Pardini, J. E., Lovell, M. R., Collins, M. W., & Podell, K. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of the ImPACT Test Battery for concussion in athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(1), 91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, D. M., & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2003). Injury rates and profiles in female ice hockey players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(1), 47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneiderman, A. I., Braver, E. R., & Kang, H. K. (2008). Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: Persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(12), 1446–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, C., McKinlay, A., McLellan, T., Britt, E., Grace, R., & MacFarlane, M. (2015). A comparison of adult outcomes for males compared to females following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 29(4), 501–508. doi: 10.1037/neu0000074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, L. J. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 466–485. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata, N., Wiley, J., Richea, S., Benson, B. W., Duits, L., & Meeuwisse, W. (2009). Sport concussion assessment tool: Baseline values for varsity collision sport athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(10), 730–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Seemiller, L., Fow, N. R., Kant, R., & Franzen, M. D. (2003). Presence of post-concussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 17(3), 199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanveer, S., Zecavati, N., Delasobera, E. B., & Oyegbile, T. O. (2017). Gender differences in concussion and postinjury cognitive findings in an older and younger pediatric population. Pediatric Neurology, 70, 44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. A., Bell, J. M., Breiding, M. J., & Xu, L. (2017). Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths — United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 66(9), 1–16. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6609a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney, R. T., Higgins, M., Caswell, S. V., Brady, J., McHardy, K., Driban, J. B., & Darvish, K. (2008). Sex differences in head acceleration during heading while wearing soccer headgear. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(6), 578–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney, R. T., Sitler, M. R., Swanik, C. B., Swanik, K. A., Higgins, M., & Torg, J. (2005). Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(2), 272–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsushima, W. T., Lum, M., & Geling, O. (2009). Sex differences in the long-term neuropsychological outcome of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23(10), 809–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera, E., & Kucyi, A. (2017). Brain injury in women experiencing intimate partner-violence: Neural mechanistic evidence of an “invisible” trauma. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 11(6), 1664–1677. doi: 10.1007/s11682-016-9643-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera, E. M., & Berenbaum, H. (2003). Brain injury in battered women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velosky, A. G., Tucker, L. B., Fu, A. H., Liu, J., & McCabe, J. T. (2017). Cognitive performance of male and female C57BL/6J mice after repetitive concussive brain injuries. Behavioural Brain Research, 324, 115–124. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss, P., Thomas, M. E., Cisneros-Franco, J. M., & de Villers-Sidani, É. (2017). Dynamic brains and the changing rules of neuroplasticity: Implications for learning and recovery. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Chan, R. C., & Deng, Y. (2006). Examination of postconcussion-like symptoms in healthy university students: Relationships to subjective and objective neuropsychological function performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(4), 339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, S. M., Chau, A., Portelli, J. N., & Grafman, J. (2012). Genetic polymorphisms influence recovery from traumatic brain injury. Neuroscientist, 18(6), 631–644. doi: 10.1177/1073858411435706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, E. M., Kemmler, G., Deisenhammer, E. A., Fleischhacker, W. W., & Delazer, M. (2003). Sex differences in cognitive functions. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(4), 863–875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J. D., Cheng, G., Foster, D. T., & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 481–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, S. L., Kerr, Z. Y., Yengo-Kahn, A., Wasserman, E., Covassin, T., & Solomon, G. S. (2015). Epidemiology of sports-related concussion in NCAA athletes from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014: Incidence, recurrence, and mechanisms. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), 2654–2662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar