References
- Abramson, D. A., Resch, Z. J., Ovsiew, G. P., White, D. J., Bernstein, M. T., Basurto, K. S., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Impaired or invalid? Limitations of assessing performance validity using the Boston naming test. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.
- Alverson, W. A., O’Rourke, J. J. F., & Soble, J. R. (2019). The Word Memory Test Genuine Memory Impairment Profile discriminates genuine memory impairment from invalid performance in a mixed clinical sample with cognitive impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(8), 1420–1435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1599071
- American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology. (2007). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 209–231.
- Bailey, K. C., Soble, J. R., Bain, K. M., & Fullen, C. (2018). Embedded performance validity tests in the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised: A replication study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 33(7), 895–900. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx111
- Bailey, K. C., Soble, J. R., & O'Rourke, J. J. F. (2018). Clinical utility of the Rey 15-Item Test, recognition trial, and error scores for detecting noncredible neuropsychological performance in a mixed clinical sample of veterans . The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1333151
- Bailey, K. C., Webber, T. A., Phillips, J. I., Kraemer, L. D. R., Marceaux, J. M., & Soble, J. R. (2019). When time is of the essence: Preliminary findings for a quick administration of the Dot Counting Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.
- Bain, K. M., & Soble, J. R. (2019). Validation of the advanced clinical solutions word choice test (WCT) in a mixed clinical sample: Establishing classification accuracy, sensitivity/specificity, and cutoff scores. Assessment, 26(7), 1320–1328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117725172
- Bain, K. M., Soble, J. R., Webber, T. A., Messerly, J. M., Bailey, K. C., Kirton, J. W., & McCoy, K. J. M. (2019). Cross-validation of three Advanced Clinical Solutions performance validity tests: Examining combinations of measures to maximize classification of invalid performance. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1–11.
- Barhon, L. I., Batchelor, J., Meares, S., Chekaluk, E., & Shores, E. A. (2015). A comparison of the degree of effort involved in the TOMM and the ACS word choice test using a dual-task paradigm. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 22(2), 114–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2013.863775
- Bashem, J. R., Rapport, L. J., Miller, J. B., Hanks, R. A., Axelrod, B. N., & Millis, S. R. (2014). Comparisons of five performance validity indices in bona fide and simulated traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 851–875.
- Boone, K. B. (2009). The need for continuous and comprehensive sampling of effort/response bias during neuropsychological examinations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(4), 729–741. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802427803
- Boone, K. B. (2012). Clinical practice of forensic neuropsychology: An evidenced-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Herzberg, D. S. (2002). The dot counting test manual. Western Psychological Services.
- Boone, K. B., Salazar, X., Lu, P., Warner-Chacon, K., & Razani, J. (2002). The Rey 15-Item Recognition Trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-Item Memorization Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(5), 561–573. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.5.561.1004
- Chandrakumar, A., Bhardwaj, A., & ‘T Jong, G. W. (2019). Review of thiamine deficiency disorders: Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoss psychosis. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 30(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0075
- Critchfield, E., Soble, J. R., Marceaux, J. C., Bain, K. M., Bailey, K. C., Webber, T. A., Alverson, W. A., Messerly, J., González, D. A., & O’Rourke, J. J. F. (2019). Cognitive impairment does not cause performance validity failure: Analyzing performance patterns among cognitively unimpaired, impaired, and noncredible participants across six performance validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(6), 1083–1101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1508615
- Davis, J. J. (2014). Further consideration of Advanced Clinical Solutions Word Choice: Comparison to the Recognition Memory Test-words and classification accuracy in a clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(8), 1278–1294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.975844
- Denning, J. H. (2012). The efficiency and accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering trial 1, errors on the first 10 items of the test of memory malingering, and five embedded measures in predicting invalid test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(4), 417–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs044
- Erdodi, L. A., Kirsch, N. L., Lajiness-O’Neill, R., Vingilis, E., & Medoff, B. (2014). Comparing the recognition memory test and the word choice test in a mixed clinical sample: Are they equivalent? Psychological Injury and Law, 7(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9197-8
- Erdodi, L. A., Tyson, B. T., Abeare, C. A., Zuccato, B. G., Rai, J. K., Seke, K. R., Sagar, S., & Roth, R. M. (2017). Utility of critical items within the recognition memory test and word choice test. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 25(4), 327–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1298600
- Erdodi, L. A., Tyson, B. T., Shahein, A. G., Lichtenstein, J. D., Abeare, C. A., Pelletier, C. L., Zuccato, B. G., Kucharski, B., & Roth, R. M. (2017). The power of timing: Adding a time-to-completion cutoff to the word choice test and recognition memory test improves classification accuracy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 39(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1230181
- Fischer, J. E., Bachmann, L. M., & Jaeschke, R. (2003). A readers’ guide to the interpretation of diagnostic test properties: Clinical example of sepsis. Intensive are Medicine, 29(7), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-1761-8
- Green, P. (2003). Green’s word memory test for microsoft windows: User’s manual. Green’s Publishing.
- Green, P. (2004). Green’s medical symptom validity test (MSVT) for Microsoft Windows: User’s manual. Green’s Publishing.
- Green, P., Montijo, J., & Brockhaus, R. (2011). High specificity of the word memory test and medical symptom validity test in groups with severe verbal memory impairment. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(2), 86–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2010.523389
- Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6(3), 218–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.3.218
- Guilmette, T. J., Sweet, J. J., Hebben, N., Koltai, D., Mahone, E. M., Spiegler, B. J., Stucky, K., Westerveld, M., & Conference Participants. (2020). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on uniform labeling of performance test scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(3), 437–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1722244
- Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Conference Participants. (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Consensus Conference Statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1093–1129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903155063
- Kraemer, L. D. R., Soble, J. R., Phillips, J. I., Webber, T. A., Fullen, C. T., Highsmith, J. M., Alverson, W. A., & Critchfield, E. C. (2020). Minimizing evaluation time while maintaining accuracy: Cross-validation of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Trial 1 and first 10-item errors as briefer performance validity tests. Psychological Assessment, 32(5), 442–450. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000802
- Larrabee, G. J. (2014). False-positive rates associated with the use of multiple performance and symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(4), 364–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu019
- Loring, D. W., Goldstein, F. C., Chen, C., Drane, D. L., Lah, J. J., Zhao, L., Larrabee, G. J., & Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2016). False-positive error rates for Reliable Digit Span and Auditory Verbal Learning Test performance validity measures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 313–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw014
- Martin, P. K., Schroeder, R. W., Olsen, D. H., Malloy, H., Boettcher, A., Ernst, N., & Okut, H. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Test of Memory Malingering in adults: Two decades of deception detection. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34, 88–119.
- Meyers, J. E., & Volbrecht, M. (2003). A validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(3), 261–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/18.3.261
- Miller, J. B., Millis, S. R., Rapport, L. J., Bashem, J. R., Hanks, R. A., & Axelrod, B. N. (2011). Detection of insufficient effort using the Advanced Clinical Solutions for the Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(1), 160–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2010.533197
- Ovsiew, G. P., Resch, Z. J., Nayar, K., Williams, C. P., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Not so fast! Limitations of processing speed and working memory indices as embedded performance validity tests in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 42(5), 473–484. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2020.1758635
- Pearson, N. (2009). Advanced clinical solutions for WAIS-IV and WMS-IV: Administration and scoring manual. The Psychological Corporation.
- Pliskin, J. I., De-Dios-Stern, S., Resch, Z. J., Saladino, K. F., Ovsiew, G. P., Carter, D. A., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Comparing the psychometric properties of 8 embedded performance validity tests in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory, and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised recognition trials for detecting invalid neuropsychological test performance. Assessment.
- Resch, Z. J., Pham, A. T., Abramson, D. A., White, D. J., DeDios-Stern, S., Ovsiew, G. P., Castillo, L. R., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Examining independent and combined accuracy of embedded performance validity tests in the California Verbal Learning Test-II and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised for detecting invalid performance. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult.
- Rey, A. (1941). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique. Archives de Psychologie, 28, 21.
- Schroeder, R. W., Martin, P. K., Heinrichs, R. J., & Baade, L. E. (2019). Research methods in performance validity testing studies: Criterion grouping approach impacts study outcomes. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(3), 466–477.
- Schmidt, M. (1996). Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A handbook. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Soble, J. R., Alverson, W. A., Phillips, J. I., Critchfield, E. A., Fullen, C., O’Rourke, J. J. F., Messerly, J., Highsmith, J. M., Bailey, K. C., Webber, T. A., & Marceaux, J. M. (2020). Strength in numbers or quality over quantity? Examining the importance of criterion measure selection to define validity groups in performance validity test (PVT) research. Psychological Injury and Law, 13(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-019-09370-w
- Soble, J. R., Bain, K. M., Bailey, K. C., Kirton, J. W., Marceaux, J. M., Critchfield, E. A., McCoy, K. J. M., & O’Rourke, J. J. F. (2019). Evaluating the accuracy of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) Logical Memory embedded validity index for detecting invalid test performance. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(4), 311–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1418744
- Stopford, C. L., Snowden, J. S., Thompson, J. C., & Neary, D. (2007). Distinct memory profiles in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 43(7), 846–857. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70684-1
- Swets, J. A. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science (New York, N.Y.), 240(4857), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3287615
- Webber, T. A., Critchfield, E. A., & Soble, J. R. (2018). Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of non-memory-based performance validity tests. Assessment, 107319111880487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118804874
- Webber, T. A., & Soble, J. R. (2018). Utility of various WAIS-IV Digit Span indices for identifying noncredible performance validity among cognitively impaired and unimpaired examinees. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(4), 657–670. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1415374
- White, D. J., Korinek, D., Bernstein, M. T., Ovsiew, G. P., Resch, Z. J., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Cross-validation of non-memory-based embedded performance validity tests for detecting invalid performance among patients with and without neurocognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 42(5), 459–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2020.1758634
- Wolstenholme, N., & Moore, B. (2010). The clinical manifestations of anoxic brain injury. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 14(4), 8–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pnp.166
- Zuccato, B. G., Tyson, B. T., & Erdodi, L. A. (2018). Early bird fails the PVT? The effects of timing artifacts on performance validity tests. Psychological Assessment, 30(11), 1491–1498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000596