Cognitive subtypes in individuals with essential tremor seeking deep brain stimulation

References

• Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Quantitative applications in the social sciences: Cluster analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, R. M., Reckess, G. Z., Kumar, A., & Valenstein, E. (2011). Amnesic disorders. In K. M. Heilman & E. Valenstein (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology (5th ed., pp. 504–581). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Benito-León, J., Louis, E. D., Mitchell, A. J., & Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2011). Elderly-onset essential tremor and mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study (NEDICES). Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 23(4), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-101572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito-León, J., & Labiano-Fontcuberta, A. (2016). Linking essential tremor to the cerebellum: Clinical evidence. Cerebellum (London, England), 15(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-015-0741-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito-León, J., Louis, E. D., & Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2006). Population-based case-control study of cognitive function in essential tremor. Neurology, 66(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000192393.05850.ec
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, A. L., Sivan, A. B., Des Hamsher, K., Varney, N. R., & Spreen, O. (1994). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, A. L., & Van Allen, M. W. (1968). Impairment in facial recognition in patients with cerebral disease. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 93, 38–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bermejo-Pareja, F., Louis, E. D., Benito-Leon, J., & Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) Study Group. (2007). Risk of incident dementia in essential tremor: A population-based study. Movement Disorders, 22(11), 1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermejo-Pareja, F., & Puertas-Martin, V. (2012). Cognitive features of essential tremor: A review of the clinical aspects and possible mechanistic underpinnings. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 2, 02–13. https://doi.org/10.7916/D89W0D7W
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhalsing, K. S., Upadhyay, N., Kumar, K. J., Saini, J., Yadav, R., Gupta, A. K., & Pal, P. K. (2014). Association between cortical volume loss and cognitive impairments in essential tremor. European Journal of Neurology, 21(6), 874–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, K. P., Bain, P., Bajaj, N., Elble, R. J., Hallett, M., Louis, E. D., Raethjen, J., Stamelou, M., Testa, C. M., Deuschl, G., & Tremor Task Force of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (2018). Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. From the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 33(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, J., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2001). Hopkins verbal learning test—revised, professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. L., Weaver, L. E., & Scialfa, C. T. (2006). Does impaired executive functioning differentially impact verbal memory measures in older adults with suspected dementia? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(2), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040590947461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cersonsky, T. E. K., Kellner, S., Chapman, S., Huey, E. D., Louis, E. D., & Cosentino, S. (2020). Profiles of normal cognition in essential tremor. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 26(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617719001140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, K., Rohl, B., Morgan, S., Huey, E. D., Louis, E. D., & Cosentino, S. (2017). Mild cognitive impairment subtypes in a cohort of elderly essential tremor cases. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(5), 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlen, F., Vonberg, I., Tiedt, H. O., Horn, A., Fromm, O., Kühn, A. A., & Klostermann, F. (2017). Thalamic deep brain stimulation decelerates automatic lexical activation. Brain and Cognition, 111, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2016.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn, S., Tolosa, E., & Conceppcion, M. (1993). Clinical rating scale for tremor. In J. Jankovic & E. Tolosa (Eds.), Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders (pp. 271–280). Williams and Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, J. J., & Sampaio, C. (2007). Essential tremor. BMJ Clinical Evidence, 2007, 1206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fields, J. A., Tröster, A. I., Woods, S. P., Higginson, C. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Lyons, K. E., Koller, W. C., & Pahwa, R. (2003). Neuropsychological and quality of life outcomes 12 months after unilateral thalamic stimulation for essential tremor. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.3.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparini, M., Bonifati, V., Fabrizio, E., Fabbrini, G., Brusa, L., Lenzi, G. L., & Meco, G. (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunction in essential tremor: A preliminary study. Journal of Neurology, 248(5), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150170181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gironell, A., & Kulisevsky, J. (2009). Diagnosis and management of essential tremor and dystonic tremor. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 2(4), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285609104791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Stoelting Company.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, J. G., Holden, S., Bernard, B., Ouyang, B., Goetz, C. G., & Stebbins, G. T. (2013). Defining optimal cutoff scores for cognitive impairment using Movement Disorder Society Task Force criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 28(14), 1972–1979. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., & Grant, I. (2004). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Higginson, C. I., Wheelock, V. L., Levine, D., King, D. S., Pappas, C. T. E., & Sigvardt, K. A. (2008). Cognitive deficits in essential tremor consistent with frontosubcortical dysfunction. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(7), 760–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390701754738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., Wierenga, C., Corey-Bloom, J., Salmon, D. P., & Delis, D. C. (2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(5), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819431d5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janicki, S. C., Cosentino, S., & Louis, E. D. (2013). The cognitive side of essential tremor: What are the therapeutic implications? Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 6(6), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285613489591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhunjhunwala, K., & Pal, P. K. (2014). The non-motor features of essential tremor: A primary disease feature or just a secondary phenomenon? Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 4, 255. https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, J. D., Mangal, P., Lafo, J., Okun, M. S., & Bowers, D. (2016). Mood differences among Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28(3), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15090221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. D., Tanner, J. J., Okun, M., Price, C. C., & Bowers, D. (2017). Are Parkinson's patients more vulnerable to the effects of cardiovascular risk: A neuroimaging and neuropsychological study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurica, P. J., Leitten, C. L., & Mattis, S. (2001). DRS-2: Dementia rating scale-2: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston naming test. Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-S., Song, I.-U., Shim, Y.-S., Park, J.-W., Yoo, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-I., & Lee, K.-S. (2009). Cognitive impairment in essential tremor without dementia. Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea), 5(2), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2009.5.2.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziol, L. F., Budding, D., Andreasen, N., D'Arrigo, S., Bulgheroni, S., Imamizu, H., Ito, M., Manto, M., Marvel, C., Parker, K., Pezzulo, G., Ramnani, N., Riva, D., Schmahmann, J., Vandervert, L., & Yamazaki, T. (2014). Consensus paper: The cerebellum's role in movement and cognition. Cerebellum (London, England), 13(1), 151–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0511-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacritz, L. H., Dewey, R., Jr., Giller, C., & Cullum, C. M. (2002). Cognitive functioning in individuals with “benign” essential tremor. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(1), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702001121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafo, J. A., Jones, J. D., Okun, M. S., Bauer, R. M., Price, C. C., & Bowers, D. (2015). Memory similarities between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease: A final common pathway? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(7), 985–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1118553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenka, A., Bhalsing, K. S., Panda, R., Jhunjhunwala, K., Naduthota, R. M., Saini, J., Bharath, R. D., Yadav, R., & Pal, P. K. (2017). Role of altered cerebello-thalamo-cortical network in the neurobiology of essential tremor. Neuroradiology, 59(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-016-1771-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvan, I., Goldman, J. G., Tröster, A. I., Schmand, B. A., Weintraub, D., Petersen, R. C., Mollenhauer, B., Adler, C. H., Marder, K., Williams-Gray, C. H., Aarsland, D., Kulisevsky, J., Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Burn, D. J., Barker, R. A., & Emre, M. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Movement Disorders, 27(3), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.2489322275317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi, W. J., Woolston, D. J., Roberts, J. W., & Gross, R. E. (2001). Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor. Neurology, 57(5), 785–790. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.57.5.785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D. (2016). Linking essential tremor to the cerebellum: Neuropathological evidence. Cerebellum (London, England), 15(3), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-015-0692-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D., & Ferreira, J. J. (2010). How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Movement Disorders, 25(5), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D., Ford, B., Lee, H., Andrews, H., & Cameron, G. (1998). Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor: A population perspective. Archives of Neurology, 55(6), 823–828. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.55.6.823
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louis, E. D., Joyce, J. L., & Cosentino, S. (2019). Mind the gaps: What we don't know about cognitive impairment in essential tremor. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 63, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Bohac, D. L., Tangalos, E. G., Kokmen, E., Graff-Radford, N. R., & Petersen, R. C. (1998). Normative data for the Mattis dementia rating scale. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(4), 536–547. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.20.4.536.1469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, K. E., Pahwa, R., Comella, C. L., Eisa, M. S., Elble, R. J., Fahn, S., Jankovic, J., Juncos, J. L., Koller, W. C., Ondo, W. G., Sethi, K. D., Stern, M. B., Tanner, C. M., Tintner, R., & Watts, R. L. (2003). Benefits and risks of pharmacological treatments for essential tremor. Drug Safety, 26(7), 461–481. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200326070-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (2001). Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex of the primate. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 21(2), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00700.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. J., & Shiri‐Feshki, M. (2009). Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia-meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(4), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01326.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. C. (1993). The clinical dementia rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43(11), 2412–2414. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtagh, F., & Legendre, P. (2014). Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method: Which algorithms implement Ward’s criterion? Journal of Classification, 31(3), 274–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00357-014-9161-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norušis, M. (2011). Cluster analysis. In IBM SPSS statistics 19 guide to data analysis (pp. 375–404). Addison Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Okun, M. S., Rodriguez, R. L., Mikos, A., Miller, K., Kellison, I., Kirsch-Darrow, L., Wint, D. P., Springer, U., Fernandez, H. H., Foote, K. D., Crucian, G., & Bowers, D. (2007). Deep brain stimulation and the role of the neuropsychologist. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(1), 162–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580601025940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, I.-S., Oh, Y.-S., Lee, K.-S., Yang, D.-W., Song, I.-U., Park, J.-W., & Kim, J.-S. (2015). Subtype of mild cognitive impairment in elderly patients with essential tremor. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 29(2), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti, L., Novellino, F., Cerasa, A., Chiriaco, C., Rocca, F., Matina, M. S., Fera, F., & Quattrone, A. (2011). Altered cortical-cerebellar circuits during verbal working memory in essential tremor. Brain, 134(8), 2274–2286. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puertas-Martin, V., Villarejo-Galende, A., Fernandez-Guinea, S., Romero, J. P., Louis, E. D., & Benito-Leon, J. (2016). A comparison study of cognitive and neuropsychiatric features of essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 6, 431–411. https://doi.org/10.7916/D86H4HRN
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radler, K. H., Zdrodowska, M. A., Dowd, H., Cersonsky, T. E. K., Huey, E. D., Cosentino, S., & Louis, E. D. (2020). Rate of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in an essential tremor cohort: A prospective, longitudinal study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 74, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport, M., van Reekum, R., & Mayberg, H. (2000). The role of the cerebellum in cognition and behavior: A selective review. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12(2), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.12.2.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan, R. M. (1992). Trail making test: Manual for administration and scoring. Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., Miller, J. P., & Morris, J. C. (2007). Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: Support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology, 68(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000251303.50459.8a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şahin, H. A., Terzi, M., Uçak, S., Yapici, O., Basoglu, T., & Onar, M. (2006). Frontal functions in young patients with essential tremor: A case comparison study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 18(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.18.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurman, P. R., Bruins, J., Merkus, M. P., Bosch, D. A., & Speelman, J. D. (2002). A comparison of neuropsychological effects of thalamotomy and thalamic stimulation. Neurology, 59(8), 1232–1239. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000031425.37014.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinoff, G., & Badarny, S. (2014). Mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and affective disorders in essential tremor: A prospective study. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (New York, N.Y.), 4, 227–227. https://doi.org/10.7916/D85B00KN
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults: Manual, instrument and scoring guide. Mind Garden, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Starkstein, S. E., Mayberg, H. S., Preziosi, T. J., Andrezejewski, P., Leiguarda, R., & Robinson, R. G. (1992). Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4(2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.4.2.134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinley, D. (2006). K-means clustering: A half-century synthesis. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59(Pt 1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711005X48266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TQ7D3P
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley, C. J., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2009). Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. NeuroImage, 44(2), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strick, P. L., Dum, R. P., & Fiez, J. A. (2009). Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thawani, S. P., Schupf, N., & Louis, E. D. (2009). Essential tremor is associated with dementia: Prospective population-based study in New York. Neurology, 73(8), 621–625. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b389f1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 14(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.2.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tröster, A. I., Fields, J. A., Pahwa, R., Wilkinson, S. B., Strait-Tröster, K. A., Lyons, K., Kieltyka, J., & Koller, W. C. (1999). Neuropsychological and quality of life outcome after thalamic stimulation for essential tremor. Neurology, 53(8), 1774–1780. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.53.8.1774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tröster, A. I., Woods, S. P., Fields, J. A., Lyons, K. E., Pahwa, R., Higginson, C. I., & Koller, W. C. (2002). Neuropsychological deficits in essential tremor: An expression of cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathophysiology? European Journal of Neurology, 9(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00341.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rooden, S. M., Heiser, W. J., Kok, J. N., Verbaan, D., van Hilten, J. J., & Marinus, J. (2010). The identification of Parkinson's disease subtypes using cluster analysis: A systematic review. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 25(8), 969–978. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, M., Leentjens, A. F. G., Marinus, J., Stiggelbout, A. M., & van Hilten, J. J. (2006). Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 21(5), 668–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.2307/2282967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, T. C., Obiang, P., Torres-Herraez, A., Watilliaux, A., Coulon, P., Rochefort, C., & Rondi-Reig, L. (2019). Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebello-hippocampal interaction. eLife, 8, e41896.  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.41896
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler adult intelligence scale. The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler memory scale (3rd ed.). The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th ed.). Pearson Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, J. K., Hess, C. W., Almeida, L., Middlebrooks, E. H., Christou, E. A., Patrick, E. E., Shukla, A. W., Foote, K. D., & Okun, M. S. (2020). Deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: Targets, technology, and a comprehensive review of clinical outcomes. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 20(4), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1737017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, K.-L., Myall, D. J., Livingston, L., Melzer, T. R., Pitcher, T. L., MacAskill, M. R., Geurtsen, G. J., Anderson, T. J., & Dalrymple-Alford, J. C. (2016). Different PD-MCI criteria and risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease: 4-year longitudinal study. npj Parkinson’s Disease, 2, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjparkd.2015.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahodne, L. B., Bowers, D., Price, C. C., Bauer, R. M., Nisenzon, A., Foote, K. D., & Okun, M. S. (2011). The case for testing memory with both stories and word lists prior to DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(3), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.562869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar