A narrative review of the biopsychosocial and health characteristics of Asian Indians in the United States: Clinical and research implications for neuropsychological functioning

References

• Alladi, S., & Hachinski, V. (2018). World dementia: One approach does not fit all. Journal of Neurology, 91(6), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005941
   Google Scholar
• Al-Sofiani, M. E., Langan, S., Kanaya, A. M., Kandula, N. R., Needham, B. L., Kim, C., … & Lee, C. J. (2020). The relationship of acculturation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among US South Asians: Findings from the MASALA study. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 161, 108052.
   Google Scholar
• An, N., Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., & McCarthy, W. (2008). Influence of American acculturation on cigarette smoking behaviors among Asian American subpopulations in California. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 10(4), 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200801979126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, L. L., Lewis, T. T., Begeny, C. T., Yu, L., Bennett, D. A., & Wilson, R. S. (2012). Perceived discrimination and cognition in older African Americans. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(5), 856–865. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becerra, M. B., Herring, P., Hopp Marshak, H., & Banta, J. E. (2013). Association between acculturation and binge drinking among Asian-Americans: results from the California health interview survey. Journal of Addiction, 2013, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/248196
   Google Scholar
• Bhandari, S., & Sabri, B. (2020). Patterns of abuse among South Asian women experiencing domestic violence in the United States. Journal of International Social Work, 63(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818767250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhopal, R., Unwin, N., White, M., Yallop, J., Walker, L., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Harland, J., Patel, S., Ahmad, N., Turner, C., Watson, B., Kaur, D., Kulkarni, A., Laker, M., & Tavridou, A. (1999). Heterogeneity of coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and European origin populations: cross sectional study. BMJ, 319(7204), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7204.215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas, M., Sen, S., & Simmons, J. (2009). Etiology and risk factors of ischemic stroke in Indian-American patients from a hospital-based registry in New Jersey, USA. Neurology Asia, 14(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Census of India. (2011). Language: India, states and union territories. Office of the Registrar General.
   Google Scholar
• Chakravorty, S., Kapur, D., & Singh, N. (2016). The other one percent: Indians in America. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, R. M., Arora, L., Mehta, U. M., Asnaani, A., & Radhakrishnan, R. (2016). Asian Indians in America: The influence of values and culture on mental health. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 22, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2015.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E. C., & Kwon, P. (2014). Special issue on psychopathology in Asians and the DSM-5: culture matters. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Charlson, F. J., Baxter, A. J., Cheng, H. G., Shidhaye, R., & Whiteford, H. A. (2016). The burden of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in China and India: a systematic analysis of community representative epidemiological studies. Lancet (London, England), 388(10042), 376–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30590-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M. S. Jr, & Hawks, B. L. (1995). A debunking of the myth of healthy Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 9(4), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-9.4.261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, M. M., & Pacquiao, D. F. (2005). Manifestation, attribution, and coping with depression among Asian Indians from the perspectives of health care practitioners. Journal of Transcultural Nursing: Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society, 16(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659604271239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dossett, M. L., & Yeh, G. Y. (2018). Homeopathy use in the United States and implications for public health: a review. Homeopathy, 107(1), 3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekoh, P. C., George, E. O., Ejimakaraonye, C., & Okoye, U. O. (2020). An appraisal of public understanding of dementia across cultures. Journal of Social Work in Developing Societies, 2(1) 54–67.
   Google Scholar
• Elbulok-Charcape, M. M., Rabin, L. A., Spadaccini, A. T., & Barr, W. B. (2014). Trends in the neuropsychological assessment of ethnic/racial minorities: A survey of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, A., Joe-Laidler, K., Moloney, M., & Hunt, G. (2010). Gender, sexuality, and ethnicity as factors of club-drug use among Asian Americans. Journal of Drug Issues, 40(2), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204261004000207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii, D. E. (2018). Developing a cultural context for conducting a neuropsychological evaluation with a culturally diverse client: The ECLECTIC framework. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(8), 1356–1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1435826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii, D. E. (2011). The neuropsychology of Asian-Americans. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gezmu, T., Schneider, D., Demissie, K., Lin, Y., & Gizzi, M. S. (2014). Risk factors for acute stroke among South Asians compared to other racial/ethnic groups. PLoS One, 9(9), e108901. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottesman, R. F., Schneider, A. L. C., Albert, M., Alonso, A., Bandeen-Roche, K., Coker, L., Coresh, J., Knopman, D., Power, M. C., Rawlings, A., Sharrett, A. R., Wruck, L. M., & Mosley, T. H. (2014). Midlife hypertension and 20-year cognitive change: the atherosclerosis risk in communities neurocognitive study. JAMA Neurology, 71(10), 1218–1227. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunarathne, A., Patel, J. V., Gammon, B., Gill, P. S., Hughes, E. A., & Lip, G. Y. (2009). Ischemic stroke in South Asians: a review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and ethnicity-related clinical features. Journal of Stroke, 40(6), e415–e423. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.535724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, B. H., Wyatt, L. C., Sherman, S. E., Islam, N. S., Trinh-Shevrin, C., & Kwon, S. C. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of cultural smokeless tobacco products among South Asian Americans in New York City. Journal of Community Health, 44(3), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-019-00649-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, M., Crossland, J., Stores, R., Dewey, A., & Hakak, Y. (2020). Awareness and understanding of dementia in South Asians: A synthesis of qualitative evidence. Dementia (London, England), 19(5), 1441–1473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218800641
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossain, M., Purohit, N., Sultana, A., Ma, P., McKyer, E. L. J., & Ahmed, H. U. (2020). Prevalence of mental disorders in South Asia: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani, F. (In Press). Cultural diversity in neuropsychological assessment: Developing understanding through global case studies. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jose, P. O., Frank, A. T. H., Kapphahn, K. I., Goldstein, B. A., Eggleston, K., Hastings, K. G., Cullen, M. R., & Palaniappan, L. P. (2014). Cardiovascular disease mortality in Asian Americans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(23), 2486–2494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaya, A. M., Wassel, C. L., Mathur, D., Stewart, A., Herrington, D., Budoff, M. J., Ranpura, V., Liu, K. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in South Asian Indians in the United States: findings from the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in South Asians living in America study and the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 8(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2009.0062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera, G. S., & Nakamura, N. (2018). Substance use, gender, and generation status among Asian Indians in the United States. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 17(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2016.1201715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler, S., Baars, M. A., Spauwen, P., Schievink, S., Verhey, F. R., & van Boxtel, M. J. (2014). Temporal evolution of cognitive changes in incident hypertension: prospective cohort study across the adult age span. Journal of Hypertension, 63(2), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02096
   Google Scholar
• Lamar, M., Lerner, A. J., James, B. D., Yu, L., Glover, C. M., Wilson, R. S., & Barnes, L. L. (2020). Relationship of early-life residence and educational experience to level and change in cognitive functioning: Results of the Minority Aging Research Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(7), e81–e92. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz031
   Google Scholar
• Lane, R., Cheref, S., & Miranda, R. (2016). Ethnic differences in suicidal ideation and its correlates among South Asian American emerging adults. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. K., Han, B., & Gfroerer, J. C. (2013). Differences in the prevalence rates and correlates of alcohol use and binge alcohol use among five Asian American subpopulations. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 38(3), 1816–1823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Shih, R., Feeney, K., & Langa, K. M. (2014). Gender disparity in late-life cognitive functioning in India: findings from the longitudinal aging study in India. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(4), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, P., Cheung, M., & Cheung, A. (2011). Developing help-seeking strategies for Pakistani clients with depressive symptoms. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 21(2), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650993.2011.9756104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipnicki, D. M., Makkar, S. R., Crawford, J. D., Thalamuthu, A., Kochan, N. A., Lima-Costa, M. F., Castro-Costa, E., Ferri, C. P., Brayne, C., Stephan, B., Llibre-Rodriguez, J. J., Llibre-Guerra, J. J., Valhuerdi-Cepero, A. J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Derby, C. A., Ritchie, K., Ancelin, M.-L., Carrière, I., … Sachdev, P. S., for Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC). (2019). Determinants of cognitive performance and decline in 20 diverse ethno-regional groups: A COSMIC collaboration cohort study. PLOS Medicine, 16(7), e1002853. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmot, M., & Wilkinson, R. (2005). Social determinants of health. OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Marquine, M. J., Morlett Paredes, A., Madriaga, C., Blumstein, Y., Umlauf, A., Kamalyan, L., Rivera Mindt, M., Suarez, P., Artiola I. Fortuni, L., Heaton, R. K., & Cherner, M. (2021). Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(2), 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1762931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2016). Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 12(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, K. M., & Yeo, G. W. (2017). Systematic review of dementia prevalence and incidence in United States race/ethnic populations. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 13(1), 72–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, R., Balagopal, P., Klatt, M., & Geraghty, M. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine use among Asian Indians in the United States: a national study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, NY), 16(8), 843–852. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadimpalli, S., Keita, A., Wang, J., Kanaya, A., Kandula, N., Gans, K. M., & Talegawkar, S. (2017). Are experiences of discrimination related to poorer dietary intakes among South Asians in the MASALA Study? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 49(10), 872–876.e871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham, B. L., Mukherjee, B., Bagchi, P., Kim, C., Mukherjea, A., Kandula, N. R., & Kanaya, A. M. (2018). Acculturation strategies and symptoms of depression: the mediators of atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 20(4), 792–798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0635-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niaz, K., Maqbool, F., Khan, F., Bahadar, H., Hassan, F. I., & Abdollahi, M. (2017). Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer. Journal of Epidemiology, & Health, 39, e2017009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwsma, J. A., Pepper, C. M., Maack, D. J., & Birgenheir, D. G. (2011). Indigenous perspectives on depression in rural regions of India and the United States. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48(5), 539–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461511419274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaniappan, L., Wang, Y., & Fortmann, S. P. (2004). Coronary heart disease mortality for six ethnic groups in California, 1990–2000. Journal of Annals of Epidemiology, 14(7), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paplikar, A., Alladi, S., Varghese, F., Mekala, S., Arshad, F., Sharma, M., Saroja, A. O., Divyaraj, G., Dutt, A., Ellajosyula, R., Ghosh, A., Iyer, G. K., Sunitha, J., Kandukuri, R., Kaul, S., Khan, A. B., Mathew, R., Menon, R., Nandi, R., … Vishwanath, Y., ICMR-NCTB Consortium. (2021). Bilingualism and its implications for neuropsychological evaluation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–12, acab012. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemberton, T. J., Mehta, N. U., Witonsky, D., Di Rienzo, A., Allayee, H., Conti, D. V., & Patel, P. I. (2008). Prevalence of common disease-associated variants in Asian Indians. BMC Genetics, 9(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-9-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raj, A., & Silverman, J. G. (2002). Intimate partner violence against South Asian women in greater Boston. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association, 57(2), 111–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajpathak, S. N., Gupta, L. S., Waddell, E. N., Upadhyay, U. D., Wildman, R. P., Kaplan, R., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Wylie-Rosett, J. (2010). Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome among Asians and south Asians: results from the 2004 New York City HANES. Ethnicity & Disease, 20(3), 225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rammohan, A., Rao, K., & Subbakrishna, D. K. (2002). Religious coping and psychological wellbeing in carers of relatives with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(5), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.1o149.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera Mindt, M., Monica, B., Desiree, S., P., & Manly, J. (2010). Increasing culturally competent neuropsychological services for ethnic minority populations: A call to action. Journal of the Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(3), 429–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903058960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. W., Ogunwole, S. U., Blakeslee, L., Rabe, M. A. (2018). The population 65 years and older in the United States: 2016. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, L. R., Mann, S. K., & Montgomery, S. B. (2015). Depression, a hidden mental health disparity in an Asian Indian immigrant community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotella, F., Cassioli, E., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Mannucci, E. (2020). Homeopathic remedies in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 40(3), 269–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, N. G. (2015). Indian migration to the U.S. Pew Research Centre. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/indian-migration-to-the-us.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• SAALT (South Asians Learning Together). (2015). A demographic snapshot of South Asians in the United States. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from http://saalt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Demographic-Snapshot-updated_Dec-2015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sabri, B., Bhandari, S. S., & Shah, A. (2019). Dangerous abusive relationships and sources of resilience for South Asian immigrant women survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Social Work in the Global Community, 4(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5590/JSWGC.2019.04.1.01
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, O., & Judd, T. (In Press). Multicultural education and training in psychology: lets talk about skill acquisition. In F. Irani (Ed.), Cultural diversity in neuropsychological assessment: Developing understanding through global case studies. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sandeen, E., Moore, K. M., & Swanda, R. M. (2018). Reflective local practice: A pragmatic framework for improving culturally competent practice in psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 49(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraf, U., Prabhakaran, S., Arun, K., Babiker, A., Rajendran, A., Kesavadas, C., & Sylaja, P. N. (2020). Comparison of risk factors, treatment, and outcome in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease in India and the United States. Journal of Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 23(3), 265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satish, P., Sadaf, M. I., Valero-Elizondo, J., Grandhi, G. R., Yahya, T., Zawahir, H., Javed, Z., Mszar, R., Hanif, B., Kalra, A., Virani, S., Cainzos-Achirica, M., & Nasir, K. (2021). Heterogeneity in cardio-metabolic risk factors and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among Asian groups in the United States. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 7, 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satow, Y. E., Kumar, P. D., Burke, A., & Inciardi, J. F. (2008). Exploring the prevalence of Ayurveda use among Asian Indians. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(10), 1249–1253. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schievink, S. H., van Boxtel, M. P., Deckers, K., van Oostenbrugge, R. J., Verhey, F. R., & Köhler, S. (2017). Cognitive changes in prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease: a 12-year follow-up in the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS). European Heart Journal, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaji, S., Bose, S., & Verghese, A. (2005). Prevalence of dementia in an urban population in Kerala, India. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(2), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.2.136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisco, S., Gross, A. L., Shih, R. A., Sachs, B. C., Glymour, M. M., Bangen, K. J., Benitez, A., Skinner, J., Schneider, B. C., Manly, J. J. (2015). The role of early-life educational quality and literacy in explaining racial disparities in cognition in late life. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(4), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spauwen, P. J. J., Köhler, S., Verhey, F. R., Stehouwer, C. D., & van Boxtel, M. P. (2013). Effects of type 2 diabetes on 12-year cognitive change: results from the Maastricht Aging Study. Journal of Diabetes Care, 36(6), 1554–1561. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanjasiri, S. P., Wallace, S. P., & Shibata, K. (1995). Picture imperfect: hidden problems among Asian Pacific Islander elderly. The Gerontologist, 35(6), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/35.6.753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thara, R., Padmavati, R., & Srinivasan, T. N. (2004). Focus on psychiatry in India. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 184(4), 366–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tripathi, S., & Azhar, S. (2020). A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions impacting South Asian Women in the United States. Journal of Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1–18, 1524838020957987. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020957987
   Google Scholar
• Tu, J. V., Chu, A., Rezai, M. R., Guo, H., Maclagan, L. C., Austin, P. C., Booth, G. L., Manuel, D. G., Chiu, M., Ko, D. T., Lee, D. S., Shah, B. R., Donovan, L. R., Sohail, Q. Z., & Alter, D. A. (2015). Incidence of major cardiovascular events in immigrants to Ontario, Canada: the CANHEART immigrant study. Journal of Circulation, 132(16), 1549–1559. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2017). Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races: 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Available at: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02011&prodType=table. Accessed July 5, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Volgman, A. S., Palaniappan, L. S., Aggarwal, N. T., Gupta, M., Khandelwal, A., Krishnan, A. V., Lichtman, J. H., Mehta, L. S., Patel, H. N., Shah, K. S., Shah, S. H., & Watson, K. E., American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in Women and Special Populations Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; and Stroke Council. (2018). Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Journal of Circulation, 138(1), e1–e34. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, M., & Euteneuer, F. (2021). Does health literacy make a difference? Comparing the effect of conventional medicine versus homeopathic prescribing on treatment credibility and expectancy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, Y. J., Vaughan, E. L., Liu, T., & Chang, T. K. (2014). Asian Americans’ proportion of life in the United States and suicide ideation: The moderating effects of ethnic subgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo, B., Wang, K., & Tran, T. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in associations between psychological distress and the presence of binge drinking: Results from the California health interview survey. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H., Vorderstrasse, A. A., McConnell, E. S., Dupre, M. E., Østbye, T., & Wu, B. (2018). Migration and cognitive function: a conceptual framework for Global Health Research. Journal of Global Health Research, & Policy, 3(1), 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F., Begum, A., Lim, G., Ambegaokar, S., Ubeda, O., Chen, P., Frautschy, S. A., & Cole, G. M. (2004). P1-219 Curcumin binds Aβ, inhibits Aβ aggregation and fibril formation in vitro and crosses the BBB to label plaques and reduces Aβ accumulation in aged APPSW transgenic mice. Journal of Neurobiology of Aging, 25, S158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(04)80532-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, C. J., Arora, A. K., & Wu, K. A. (2006) A new theoretical model of collectivistic coping. In Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 55–72). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Misra, R., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2020). Prevalence of multimorbidity among Asian Indian, Chinese, and Non-Hispanic White Adults in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulueta, F. I. S., Gene-Cos, N., & Grachev, S. (2001). Differential psychotic symptomatology in polyglot patients: Case reports and their implications. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(3), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711201160966
   Google Scholar