5,006
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Professional Issues

Gender and ethnic/racial diversity in clinical neuropsychology: Updates from the AACN, NAN, SCN 2020 practice and “salary survey”

, , &
Pages 231-285 | Received 05 Oct 2021, Accepted 11 Mar 2022, Published online: 18 May 2022

References

  • Aghvinian, M., Santoro, A. F., Gouse, H., Joska, J. A., Linda, T., Thomas, K. G., & Robbins, R. N. (2021). Taking the test: A qualitative analysis of cultural and contextual factors impacting neuropsychological assessment of Xhosa-Speaking South Africans. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 36(6), 976–980. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa115
  • American Psychological Association, Committee on Women in Psychology. (2017). Changing gender composition of psychology: Update and expansion of the 1995 task force report. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from http://www.apa.org/women/programs/gender-composition/index.aspx
  • Bogoian, H. R., & Dotson, V. M. (2022). Vascular depression in Black Americans: A systematic review of the construct and its cognitive, functional, and psychosocial correlates. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(2), 431–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1933188
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2018). US department of labor higher median earnings than men in relatively few occupations in 2018 the economics daily, women had. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2019/women-had-higher-median-earnings-than-men-in-relatively-few-occupations-in-2018.htm
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020a, December). US department of labor highlights of women’s earnings in 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/2019/home.htm
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020b). US department of labor December labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2019/home.htm
  • Byrd, D., Arentoft, A., Scheiner, D., Westerveld, M., & Baron, I. S. (2008). State of multicultural neuropsychological assessment in children: Current research issues. Neuropsychology Review, 18(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-008-9065-y
  • Byrd, D., Razani, J., Suarez, P., Lafosse, J. M., Manly, J., & Attix, D. (2010). Diversity Summit 2008: Challenges in the recruitment and retention of ethnic minorities in neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(8), 1279–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2010.521769
  • Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2021, September). Special series COVID hardship watch tracking the COVID-19 economy’s effects on food, housing, and employment hardships. Retrieved September 22, 2021, from https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/tracking-the-covid-19-economys-effects-on-food-housing-and
  • Drudy, S. (2008). Gender balance/gender bias: The teaching profession and the impact of feminisation. Gender and Education, 20(4), 309–323. / https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250802190156
  • Elbulok-Charcape, M. M., Rabin, L. A., Spadaccini, A. T., & Barr, W. B. (2014). Trends in the neuropsychological assessment of ethnic/racial minorities: A survey of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035023
  • Exley, C., & Kessler, J. B. (2019). The gender gap in self-promotion (No. w26345). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Feigon, M., Block, C., Guidotti Breting, L., Boxley, L., Dawson, E., & Cobia, D. (2018). Work-life integration in neuropsychology: A review of the existing literature and preliminary recommendations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(2), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1411977
  • Franzen, S., Watermeyer, T. J., Pomati, S., Papma, J. M., Nielsen, T. R., Narme, P., Mukadam, N., Lozano-Ruiz, Á., Ibanez-Casas, I., Goudsmit, M., Fasfous, A., Daugherty, J. C., Canevelli, M., Calia, C., van den Berg, E., & Bekkhus-Wetterberg, P, European Consortium on Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology (ECCroN). (2021). Cross-cultural neuropsychological assessment in Europe: Position statement of the European Consortium on Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology (ECCroN). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1981456
  • Fujii, D. E. M. (2018). Developing a cultural context for conducting a neuropsychological evaluation with a culturally diverse client: The ECLECTIC framework. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(8), 1356–1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1435826
  • Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091–1119. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091
  • Gonzalez, G. (2018, October 22). Why female founders pay themselves less than male entrepreneurs. Retrieved September 21, 2021, from https://www.inc.com/guadalupe-gonzalez/gender-pay-gap-female-founders-women-entrepreneurs.html
  • Guterbock, T. M., & Marcopulos, B. A. (2020). [Formula: See text]Survey methods for neuropsychologists: A review of typical methodological pitfalls and suggested solutions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1590642
  • Hill-Jarrett, T. G., & Jones, M. K. (2022). Gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints among older black women: The role of depression and coping. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(2), 479–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1923804
  • Hilsabeck, R. C., & Rivera Mindt, M. (2021). A year of turmoil and change: Editorial from the TCN Department of Culture and Gender in Neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(3), 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1772886
  • Irani, F. (Ed.). (2022). Cultural diversity in neuropsychological assessment: Developing understanding through global case studies. Routledge.
  • Ivanovic, V., Seiler, S., Tarraf, W., Crivello, E., Martinez, O., Lipton, R., Isasi, C., Copello, T. G., Talavera, G., Gallo, L., Lamar, M., Testai, F., Schneiderman, N., Gellman, M., Daviglus, M., Gonzalez, H., DeCarli, C., & Lipton, M. (2021). Prevalence of incidental brain MRI findings of clinical relevance in a diverse Hispanic/Latino population. Journal of Neuroimaging, 31(6), 1166–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12910
  • Johnson, E. E. H., Alexander, C., Lee, G. J., Angers, K., Ndiaye, D., & Suhr, J. (2022). Examination of race and gender differences in predictors of neuropsychological decline and development of Alzheimer’s disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(2), 327–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1940299
  • Jones, N., Marks, R., Ramirez, R., & Ríos-Vargas, M. (2021, August). 2020 Census illuminates racial and ethnic composition of the country. Census.gov: US Census. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html
  • Karageorge, E. (2020, September). COVID-19 recession is tougher on women. US Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved September 22, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/beyond-bls/covid-19-recession-is-tougher-on-women.htm
  • Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(4), 181–209. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180010
  • Larkin, M. (2018, April). Pay gaps persist for female and African American physicians in US. Retrieved September 21, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-physicians-pay-gaps/pay-gaps-persist-for-female-and-african-american-physicians-in-us-idUSKBN1HI1E0
  • Marcopulos, B. A., Guterbock, T. M., & Matusz, E. F. (2020). Survey research in neuropsychology: A systematic review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(1), 32–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1590643
  • Matchanova, A., Avci, G., Babicz, M. A., Thompson, J. L., Johnson, B., Ke, I. J., Rahman, S., Sullivan, K. L., Sheppard, D. P., Morales, Y., Tierney, S. M., Kordovski, V. M., Beltran-Najera, I., Ulrich, N., Pilloff, S., Yeates, K. O., & Woods, S. P. (2020). Gender disparities in the author bylines of articles published in clinical neuropsychology journals from 1985 to 2019. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1843713
  • McCutcheon, J. M., & Morrison, M. A. (2016). Eight days a week”: A national snapshot of academic mothers’ realities in Canadian psychology departments. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 57(2), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000049
  • Mueller, C., Wright, R., & Girod, S. (2017). The publication gender gap in US academic surgery. BMC Surgery, 17(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-017-0211-4
  • Nelson, N. W., Sweet, J. J., Klipfel, K. M., & Moberg, P. J. (2021). Clinical neuropsychology in Canada: Results from the 2020 AACN, NAN, SCN professional practice and “salary survey. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(7), 1205–1231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1926543
  • Odic, D., & Wojcik, E. H. (2020). The publication gender gap in psychology. The American Psychologist, 75(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000480
  • Raj, A., Carr, P. L., Kaplan, S. E., Terrin, N., Breeze, J. L., & Freund, K. M. (2016). Longitudinal analysis of gender differences in academic productivity among medical faculty across 24 medical schools in the United States. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 91(8), 1074–1079. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001251
  • Rivera Mindt, M., Byrd, D., Saez, P., & Manly, J. (2010). Increasing culturally competent neuropsychological services for ethnic minority populations: A call to action. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(3), 429–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903058960
  • Rohling, M. L., Ready, R. E., Dhanani, L. Y., & Suhr, J. A. (2022). Shift happens: The gender composition in clinical neuropsychology over five decades. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1778791
  • Romero, H., Lageman, S., Kamath, V., Irani, F., Sim, A., Suarez, P., Manly, J. J., & Attix, D. K, the Summit Participants (2009). Challenges in the neuropsychological assessment of ethnic minorities: Summit proceedings. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(5), 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040902881958
  • Sachs, B. C., Benitez, A., Buelow, M. T., Gooding, A., Schaefer, L. A., Sim, A. H., Tussey, C. M., & Shear, P. K. (2018). Women’s leadership in neuropsychology: Historical perspectives, present trends, and future directions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(2), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1420234
  • Salo, S. K., Marceaux, J. C., McCoy, K. J. M., & Hilsabeck, H. C. (2022). Removing the noose item from the Boston naming test: A step toward antiracist neuropsychological assessment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(2), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1933187
  • Sweet, J. J., Benson, L. M., Nelson, N. W., & Moberg, P. J. (2015). The American Academy of clinical neuropsychology, National academy of neuropsychology, and society for clinical neuropsychology (APA division 40) 2015 TCN professional practice and ‘salary survey’: Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of US neuropsychologists. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(8), 1069–1162. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1140228
  • Sweet, J. J., Giuffre Meyer, D., Nelson, N. W., & Moberg, P. J. (2011). The TCN/AACN 2010 “salary survey”: Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. neuropsychologists. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(1), 12–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2010.544165
  • Sweet, J. J., Klipfel, K. M., Nelson, N. W., & Moberg, P. J. (2021a). Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of postdoctoral trainees: The AACN, NAN, SCN 2020 practice and ‘Salary Survey’. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 36(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa116
  • Sweet, J. J., Klipfel, K. M., Nelson, N. W., & Moberg, P. J. (2021b). Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. neuropsychologists: The AACN, NAN, SCN 2020 practice and “salary survey. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(1), 7–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1849803
  • Sweet, J. J., Lee, C., Guidotti Breting, L. M., & Benson, L. M. (2018). Gender in clinical neuropsychology: Practice survey trends and comparisons outside the specialty. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(2), 186–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1365932
  • Sweet, J. J., Nelson, N. W., & Moberg, P. J. (2006). The TCN/AACN 2005 “salary survey”: Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of US neuropsychologists. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(3), 325–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040600760488
  • Szmigiera, M. (2021, March). Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2019. Statista. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/
  • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). (2019, September). Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2017–18. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_318.30.asp
  • VanLandingham, H., Ellison, R. L., Laique, A., Cladek, A., Khan, H., Gonzalez, C., & Dunn, M. R. (2022). A scoping review of stereotype threat for BIPOC: Cognitive effects and intervention strategies for the field of neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(2), 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1947388

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.