388
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
CLINICAL ISSUES

Social cognition in DMD and BMD dystrophinopathies: A cross-sectional preliminary study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 219-234 | Received 10 Nov 2022, Accepted 07 Apr 2023, Published online: 20 Apr 2023

References

  • Angelini, C., & Pinzan, E. (2019). Advances in imaging of brain abnormalities in neuromuscular disease. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 12, 1756286419845567. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419845567
  • Banihani, R., Smile, S., Yoon, G., Dupuis, A., Mosleh, M., Snider, Ay., & McAdam, L. (2015). Cognitive and neurobehavioral profile in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(11), 1472–1482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073815570154
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00715
  • Battini, R., Lenzi, S., Lucibello, S., Chieffo, D., Moriconi, F., Cristofani, P., Bulgheroni, S., Cumbo, F., Pane, M., Baranello, G., Alfieri, P., Astrea, G., Cioni, G., Vicari, S., & Mercuri, E. (2021). Longitudinal data of neuropsychological profile in a cohort of Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys without cognitive impairment. Neuromuscular Disorders: NMD, 31(4), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2021.01.011
  • Benbrika, S., Desgranges, B., Eustache, Fy., & Viader, F. (2019). Cognitive, emotional and psychological manifestations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at baseline and overtime: A review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00951
  • Birnkrant, D. J., Bushby, K., Bann, C. M., Apkon, S. D., Blackwell, A., Brumbaugh, D., Case, L. E., Clemens, P. R., Hadjiyannakis, S., Pandya, S., Street, N., Tomezsko, J., Wagner, K. R., Ward, L. M., & Weber, D. R. (2018a). Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: Diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management. The Lancet. Neurology, 17(3), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30024-3
  • Birnkrant, D. J., Bushby, K., Bann, C. M., Apkon, S. D., Blackwell, A., Colvin, M. K., Cripe, L., Herron, A. R., Kennedy, A., Kinnett, K., Naprawa, J., Noritz, G., Poysky, J., Street, N., Trout, C. J., Weber, D. R., & Ward, L. M. (2018b). Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 3: Primary care, emergency management, psychosocial care, and transitions of care across the lifespan. The Lancet. Neurology, 17(5), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30026-7
  • Caudal, D., François, V., Lafoux, A., Ledevin, M., Anegon, I., Le Guiner, C., Larcher, Ty., & Huchet, C. (2020). Characterization of brain dystrophins absence and impact in dystrophin-deficient Dmdmdx rat model. PloS One, 15(3), e0230083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230083
  • Colvin, M. K., Poysky, J., Kinnett, K., Damiani, M., Gibbons, M., Hoskin, J., Moreland, S., Trout, C. J., & Weidner, N. (2018). Psychosocial management of the patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pediatrics, 142(Supplement_2), S99–S109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0333L
  • Comi, G. P., Niks, E. H., Cinnante, C. M., Kan, H. E., Vandenborne, K., Willcocks, R. J., Velardo, D., Ripolone, M., van Benthem, J. J., van de Velde, N. M., Nava, S., Ambrosoli, L., Cazzaniga, S., & Bettica, P. U. (2022). Characterization of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy by histology, magnetic resonance imaging, function, and strength assessments. Muscle & Nerve, 65(3), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.27475
  • Comim, C. M., Ventura, L., Freiberger, V., Dias, P., Bragagnolo, D., Dutra, M. L., Amaral, R. A., Camargo-Fagundes, A., Reis, P. A., Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C., Vainzof, M., & Rosa, M. I. (2019). Neurocognitive impairment in mdx mice. Molecular Neurobiology, 56(11), 7608–7616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1573-7
  • Cotton, S., Voudouris, N. J., & Greenwood, K. M. (2001). Intelligence and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Full-scale, verbal, and performance intelligence quotients. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43(7), 497–501. https://doi.org/10.1017/s00121622010009130
  • Cumbo, F., Tosi, M., Catteruccia, M., Diodato, D., Nicita, F., Capitello, T. G., Alfieri, P., Vicari, S., Bertini, E., & D’Amico, A. (2022). Neuropsychological and behavioral profile in a cohort of Becker muscular dystrophy pediatric patients. Neuromuscular Disorders, 32(9), 736–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2022.07.402
  • Cyrulnik, S. E., Fee, R. J., Batchelder, A., Kiefel, J., Goldstein, Ey., & Hinton, V. J. (2008). Cognitive and adaptive deficits in young children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 14(5), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561770808106X
  • de Mello, C. B., da Silva Gusmão Cardoso, T., & Alves, M. V. C. (2023). Social cognition development and socioaffective dysfunction in childhood and adolescence. In P. S. Boggio, T. S. H. Wingenbach, M. L. da Silveira Coêlho, W. E. Comfort, L. Murrins Marques, & M. V. C. Alves (Eds.), Social and affective neuroscience of everyday human interaction. From theory to methodology (pp. 161–175). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08651-9_10
  • Devine, R. Ty., & Hughes, C. (2014). Relations between false belief understanding and executive function in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 85(5), 1777–1794. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12237
  • Di Tella, M., Ardito, R. B., Dutto, F., & Adenzato, M. (2020). On the (lack of) association between theory of mind and executive functions: A study in a non-clinical adult sample. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74476-0
  • Doorenweerd, N. (2020). Combining genetics, neuropsychology and neuroimaging to improve understanding of brain involvement in Duchenne muscular dystrophy - a narrative review. Neuromuscular Disorders : NMD, 30(6), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2020.05.001
  • Duan, D., Goemans, N., Takeda, S., Mercuri, E., & Aartsma-Rus, A. (2021). Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 7(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00248-3
  • Ebert, S. (2020). Theory of mind, language, and reading: Developmental relations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 191, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104739
  • Ferrero, A., & Rossi, M. (2022). Cognitive profile and neuropsychiatric disorders in Becker muscular dystrophy: A systematic review of literature. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 137, 104648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104648
  • Fu, Y., Dong, Y., Zhang, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, S., Mu, X., Wang, H., Xu, Wy., & Wu, S. (2016). Diffusion tensor imaging study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Annals of Translational Medicine, 4(6), 109. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.03.19
  • Fujino, H., Saito, T., Matsumura, T., Shibata, S., Iwata, Y., Fujimura, H., & Imura, O. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders are prevalent among patients with dystrophinopathies. Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 39(7), 1279–1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3341-2
  • Gosar, D., Košmrlj, L., Musek, P. L., Meško, T., Stropnik, S., Krkoč, V., Golli, T., Butenko, T., Loboda, T., & Osredkar, D. (2021). Adaptive skills and mental health in children and adolescents with neuromuscular diseases. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology: EJPN: Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 30, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.10.008
  • Happé, F. G. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(2), 129–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172093
  • Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2014). Annual research review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 55(6), 553–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12162
  • Hendriksen, J., Thangarajh, M., Kan, H. E., & Muntoni, F. (2020). 249th ENMC International Workshop: The role of brain dystrophin in muscular dystrophy: Implications for clinical care and translational research, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands, November 29th-December 1st 2019. Neuromuscular Disorders: NMD, 30(9), 782–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2020.08.357
  • Henry, J. D., von Hippel, W., Molenberghs, P., Lee, Ty., & Sachdev, P. S. (2016). Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 12(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.229
  • Hinton, V. J., Fee, R. J., De Vivo, D. Cy., & Goldstein, E. (2007). Poor facial affect recognition among boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1925–1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0325-5
  • Hoffman, E. P., Brown, R. H., Jr., & Kunkel, L. M. (1987). Dystrophin: The protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. Cell, 51(6), 919–928. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(87)90579-4
  • Im-Bolter, N., Agostino, A., & Owens-Jaffray, K. (2016). Theory of mind in middle childhood and early adolescence: Different from before? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 149, 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.12.006
  • Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (2014). NEPSY-II: Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil. Pearson Educación.
  • Kreko-Pierce, T., & Pugh, J. R. (2022). Altered synaptic transmission and excitability of cerebellar nuclear neurons in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 16, 926518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.926518
  • Labayru, G., Arenzana, I., Aliri, J., Zulaica, M., López de Munain, Ay., & Sistiaga A, A. (2018). Social cognition in myotonic dystrophy type 1: Specific or secondary impairment? PloS One, 13(9), e0204227. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204227
  • Latimer, R., Street, N., Conway, K. C., James, K., Cunniff, C., Oleszek, J., Fox, D., Ciafaloni, E., Westfield, C., & Paramsothy, P. (2017). Secondary conditions among males with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Journal of Child Neurology, 32(7), 663–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073817701368
  • Lázaro, E., Amayra, I., López-Paz, J. F., Jometón, A., Martín, N., Caballero, P., De Nicolás, L., Hoffmann, H., Kessler, H., Ruiz, B., & Martínez, O. (2013). Facial affect recognition in myasthenia gravis. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, E52. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.59
  • Lee, I., Turnage, C., Sutyla, R., Mitchell, P., Lindahl, H., Jesus, A., & Scharf, R. J. (2022). The hidden disease: Delayed diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and co-occurring conditions. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 43(8), e541–e545. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000001105
  • Lenzoni, S., Bozzoni, V., Burgio, F., de Gelder, B., Wennberg, A., Botta, A., Pegoraro, E., & Semenza, C. (2020). Recognition of emotions conveyed by facial expression and body postures in myotonic dystrophy (DM). Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 127, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.005
  • Loman, M., Vogt, E., Miller, L., Landsman, R., Duong, P., Kasten, J., DeFrancisco, D., Koop, Jy., & Heffelfinger, A. (2021). ‘How to’ operate a pediatric neuropsychology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: Real tips from one practice’s experience. Child Neuropsychology : A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 27(2), 251–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2020.1830962
  • McDonald, S., Wearne, T., & Kelly, M. (2023). Calling on clinicians to get social and emotional. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 37(3), 506–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2022.2085176
  • Messina, S., & Vita, G. L. (2018). Clinical management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: The state of the art. Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 39(11), 1837–1845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3555-3
  • Miranda, R., Nagapin, F., Bozon, B., Laroche, S., Aubin, Ty., & Vaillend, C. (2015). Altered social behavior and ultrasonic communication in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular. Molecular Autism, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0053-9
  • Morin, A., Funkiewiez, A., Routier, A., Le Bouc, R., Borderies, N., Galanaud, D., Levy, R., Pessiglione, M., Dubois, B., Eymard, B., Michon, C. C., Angeard, N., Behin, A., Laforet, P., Stojkovic, T., & Azuar, C. (2022). Unravelling the impact of frontal lobe impairment for social dysfunction in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Brain Communications, 4(3), fcac111. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac111
  • Muntoni, F., Torelli, S., & Ferlini, A. (2003). Dystrophin and mutations: One gene, several proteins, multiple phenotypes. The Lancet. Neurology, 2(12), 731–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00585-4
  • Naidoo, M., & Anthony, K. (2020). Dystrophin Dp71 and the neuropathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Molecular Neurobiology, 57(3), 1748–1767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01845-w
  • Navarro, E. (2022). What is theory of mind? A psychometric study of theory of mind and intelligence. Cognitive Psychology, 136, 101495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495
  • Niedenthal, P. M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science (New York, N.Y.), 316(5827), 1002–1005. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136930
  • Pai, M., Yeung, C. H. T., Akl, E. A., Darzi, A., Hillis, C., Legault, K., Meerpohl, J. J., Santesso, N., Taruscio, D., Verhovsek, M., Schünemann, H. J., & Iorio, A. (2019). Strategies for eliciting and synthesizing evidence for guidelines in rare diseases. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0713-0
  • Pascual-Morena, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Reina-Gutiérrez, S., Saz-Lara, A., López-Gil, J. F., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2022). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 103(12), 2444–2453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.05.015
  • Passos-Bueno, M. R., Costa, C. I. S., & Zatz, M. (2022). Dystrophin genetic variants and autism. Discover Mental Health, 2(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-022-00008-z
  • Pearson. (2022). Telepractice and the NEPSY® second edition. https://www.pearsonassessments.com/content/dam/school/global/clinical/us/assets/telepractice/guidance-documents/telepractice-and-the-nepsy-ii.pdf
  • Perumal, A. R., Rajeswaran, Jy., & Nalini, A. (2015). Neuropsychological profile of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 4(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2013.802649
  • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, N. (1969). The psychology of the child. Basic Books, Inc.
  • Piccini, G., Gazzellini, S., D’Amico, A., Pane, M., Castelli, E., Vicari, S., & Alfieri, P. (2015). Developmental lag of visuospatial attention in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.09.021
  • Pousa, E. (2002). Measurement of theory of mind in healthy adolescents: Translation and cultural adaptation of F. Happé’s theory of mind stories [Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona].
  • Poysky, J. T. (2018). Behavior solutions in DMD. In J. Hoskin (Ed.), A guide to Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Information and advice for teachers and parents (pp. 100–126). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076512
  • Rae, M. G., & O’Malley, D. (2016). Cognitive dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A possible role for neuromodulatory immune molecules. Journal of Neurophysiology, 116(3), 1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00248.2016
  • Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1996). Manual Raven Matrices Progresivas (2a ed.). TEA Ediciones, S. A.
  • Ricotti, V., Mandy, W. P., Scoto, M., Pane, M., Deconinck, N., Messina, S., Mercuri, E., Skuse, D. H., & Muntoni, F. (2016). Neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioural problems in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in relation to underlying dystrophin gene mutations. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12922
  • Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • Rueda, P., Cabello, Ry., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2013). Preliminary validation of Spanish ‘eyes test-child version’. Ansiedad y Estrés, 19(2–3), 173–184.
  • Salari, N., Fatahi, B., Valipour, E., Kazeminia, M., Fatahian, R., Kiaei, A., Shohaimi, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2022). Global prevalence of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 17(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-02996-8
  • Schlegel, K., Palese, T., Mast, M. S., Rammsayer, T. H., Hall, J. A., & Murphy, N. A. (2020). A meta-analysis of the relationship between emotion recognition ability and intelligence. Cognition & Emotion, 34(2), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1632801
  • Serra, L., Bianchi, G., Bruschini, M., Giulietti, G., Domenico, C. D., Bonarota, S., Petrucci, A., Silvestri, G., Perna, A., Meola, G., Caltagirone, Cy., & Bozzali, M. (2020). Abnormal cortical thickness is associated with deficits in social cognition in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00113
  • Serra, L., Cercignani, M., Bruschini, M., Cipolotti, L., Mancini, M., Silvestri, G., Petrucci, A., Bucci, E., Antonini, G., Licchelli, L., Spanò, B., Giacanelli, M., Caltagirone, C., Meola, Gy., & Bozzali, M. (2016). ‘I know that you know that i know’: Neural substrates associated with social cognition deficits in DM1 patients. PloS One, 11(6), e0156901. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156901
  • Snow, W. M., Anderson, J. E., & Jakobson, L. S. (2013). Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral functioning in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(5), 743–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.016
  • Soto-Icaza, P., Aboitiz, Fy., & Billeke, P. (2015). Development of social skills in children: Neural and behavioral evidence for the elaboration of cognitive models. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 333. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00333
  • Trinkler, I., Devignevielle, S., Achaibou, A., Ligneul, R. V., Brugières, P., Cleret de Langavant, L., De Gelder, B., Scahill, R., Schwartz, Sy., & Bachoud-Lévi, A. C. (2017). Embodied emotion impairment in Huntington’s disease. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 92, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.019
  • Trojsi, F., Siciliano, M., Russo, A., Passaniti, C., Femiano, C., Ferrantino, T., De Liguoro, S., Lavorgna, L., Monsurrò, M. R., Tedeschi, Gy., & Santangelo, G. (2016). Theory of mind and its neuropsychological and quality of life correlates in the early stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1934. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01934
  • Tyagi, R., Aggarwal, P., Mohanty, M., Dutt, V., & Anand, A. (2020). Computational cognitive modeling and validation of Dp140 induced alteration of working memory in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 11989. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68381-9
  • Tyagi, R., Podder, V., Arvind, H., Mohanty, M., & Anand, A. (2019). The role of Dystrophin gene mutations in neuropsychological domains of DMD boys: A longitudinal study. Annals of Neurosciences, 26(3–4), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972753120912913
  • Verhaart, I., & Aartsma-Rus, A. (2019). Therapeutic developments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 15(7), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0203-3
  • Whitaker, L., & Widen, S. C. (2018). How does emotional intelligence relate to adolescents’ interpretation of cues for disgust? Cognition & Emotion, 32(5), 1097–1104. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1362373
  • Winblad, S., Hellström, P., Lindberg, C., & Hansen, S. (2006). Facial emotion recognition in myotonic dystrophy type 1 correlates with CTG repeat expansion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 77(2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.070763
  • Xu, S., Tang, S., Li, X., Iyer, S. R., & Lovering, R. M. (2020). Abnormalities in brain and muscle microstructure and neurochemistry of the DMD rat measured by in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and high resolution localized 1H MRS. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00739

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.