A comparative analysis of paid leave for the health needs of workers and their families around the world

References

• Ackerman , S. 1999 . Supply-side journalism: an all-American prescription for German unemployment . Harpers Magazine , October : 66 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Aronsson , G. , Gustafsson , K. and Dallner , M. 2000 . Sick but yet at work. An empirical study of sickness presenteeism . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 54 : 502 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , S. J. 1993 . Relationships among selected antecedent variables and coping effectiveness in postmyocardial infarction patients . Research in Nursing and Health , 16 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman , L. F. 1995 . The role of social relations in health promotion . Psychosomatic Medicine , 57 : 245 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , O. and Wolfers , J. 1999 . “ The role of shocks and institutions in the rise of European unemployment: the aggregate evidence ” . available at: http://econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/index.htm? prof_id=blanchar&type=paper (accessed September 13, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Blank , R. and Freeman , R. B. 1994 . “ Evaluating the connection between social protection and economic flexibility ” . In Social Protection and Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off? , Edited by: Blank , Rebecca . Chicago, IL : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , J. T. 2002 . Highlights of the National Study of the Changing Workforce , New York : Families and Work Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Bratislava International Centre for Family Studies . 2001 . Reflections of Recent Demographic Conditions on Family and Social Policies In CEE (Central and Eastern European Countries) Final Report: Part II , Bratislava : Bratislava International Centre for Family Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Department of Social Development . 2004 . Employment Insurance (EI) Compassionate Care Benefits available at: http://www.sdc.gc.ca/asp/gateway.asp?hr=en/ei/types/compassionate_care.shtml& hs=tyt (accessed May 3, 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Cauley , S. D. 1987 . The time price of medical care . The Review of Economics and Statistics , 69 : 59 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay , A and Marsh , R . 1999 . Changes in living arrangement and familial support for the elderly in Taiwan: 1963–1991 . Journal of Comparative Family Studies , 30 : 523 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , N. W. S. 1999 . Aging in China . Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare , 26 : 25 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Clearinghouse on International Developments in Child, Youth and Family Policies at Columbia University . 2003 . Country Profiles available at: http://www.childpolicyintl.org/ (accessed March 18, 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Cleary , J. , Gray , O. P. , Hall , D. J. , Rowlandson , P. H. , Sainsbury , C. P. and Davies , M. M. 1986 . Parental involvement in the lives of children in hospital . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 61 : 779 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , H. , Joshi , H. and Peronaci , R. 2000 . Forgone income and motherhood: what do recent British data tell us? . Population Studies , 54 : 293 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A. J. , Martinson , I. , Gan , L. C. , Jin , Q. , Liang , Y. H. , Davis , D. B. and Lin , J. Y. 1995 . Home care for the urban chronically ill elderly in the People's Republic of China . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 41 : 345 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doress-Worters , P. B. 1994 . Adding elder care to women's multiple roles: a critical review of the caregiver stress and multiple roles literatures . Sex Roles , 31 : 597 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , A. B. 1976 . Incidence of illness in early group and family day-care . Pediatrics , 58 : 607 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Employment Policy Foundation . 2000 . “ News Release: Should the U.S. follow Europe's work-family policies? ” . Paid family leave mandates will be costly in U.S., book finds, available at: http://www.epf.org/media/newsreleases/2000/nr20000424.pdf (accessed September 13, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Fadayomi , T. 1991 . The Nigerian working mother and her pre-school age children: the incipience of role incompatibility and its resolutions . International Journal of Sociology , 21 : 229 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Finland Ministry of Labor . 2003 . “ Family leaves – a matter for both parents ” . available at: http://www.mol.fi/english/working/familyleaves2003.html (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Gilleski , D. B. 1998 . A dynamic stochastic model of medical care use and work absence . Econometrica , 66 : 1 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorkin , L. , Schron , E. B. , Brooks , M. M. , Wiklund , I. , Kellen , J. , Verter , J. , Schoenberger , J. A. , Pawitan , Y. , Morris , M. and Shumaker , S. 1993 . Psychosocial predictors of mortality in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial-1 (CAST-1) . American Journal of Cardiology , 71 : 263 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornick , J. C. 2005 . Overworked, time poor, and abandoned by Uncle Sam . Dissent , Summer : 65 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornick , J. C. and Meyers , M. K. 2003 . Families That Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Gornick , J. C. and Meyers , M. K. 2004 . More alike than different: revisiting the long-term prospects for developing “European-style” work/family policies in the United States . Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis , 6 ( 3 ) : 251 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Gornick , J. C. , Meyers , M. K. and Ross , K. E. 1997 . Supporting the employment of mothers: policy variation across fourteen welfare states . Journal of European Social Policy , 7 : 45 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinyer , A. and Singleton , V. 2000 . Sickness absence as risk-taking behaviour: a study of organizational and cultural factors in the public sector . Health, Risk, and Society , 2 : 7 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashizume , Y. 2000 . Gender issues and Japanese family-centered caregiving for frail elderly parents or parents-in-law in modern Japan: from the sociocultural and historical perspectives . Public Health Nursing , 17 : 25 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskins , R. and Kotch , J. 1986 . Day care and illness: evidence, cost, and public policy . Pediatrics , 77 : 951 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heymann , S. J. 2000 . The Widening Gap: Why Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done About It , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , S. J. 2002 . Social transformations and their implications for the global demand for ECCE . UNESCO Policy Brief , November–December
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , S. J. 2003a . School children in families with young children: educational opportunities at risk . UNESCO Policy Brief , February
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , S. J. 2003b . The impact of AIDS on early childhood care and education . UNESCO Policy Brief , June
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , S. J. 2004 . The role of early childhood care and education in ensuring equal opportunity . UNESCO Policy Brief , January
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , J. 2006 . Forgotten Families: Ending the Growing Crisis Confronting Children and Working Parents in a Global Economy , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , J. , Fischer , A. and Engelman , M. 2003 . “ Labor conditions and the health of children, elderly and disabled family members ” . In Global Inequalities at Work: Work's Impact on the Health of Individuals, Families, and Societies , Edited by: Heymann , J. 75 – 104 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heymann , S. J. , Toomey , S. and Furstenberg , F. 1999 . Working parents: what factors are involved in their ability to take time off from work when their children are sick? . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 153 : 870 – 874 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillis , S. D. , Miranda , C. M. , McCann , M. , Bender , D. and Weigle , K. 1992 . Day care center attendance and diarrheal morbidity in Colombia . Pediatrics , 90 : 582 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , E. W. , Chmielewski , D. , Nelson , C. C. , Kager , V. A. and Foltz , L. 1997 . Controlling for general and disease-specific effects in child and family adjustment to chronic childhood illness . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 22 : 15 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ineichen , B. 1998 . Influences on the care of demented elderly people in the People's Republic of China . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 13 : 122 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Labor Organization (ILO) . 2002 . “ Child-care and family-care leave law – Japan ” . available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/eeo/law/japan/care.htm (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Jamuna , D. 1997 . Stress dimensions among caregivers of the elderly . Indian Journal of Medical Research , 106 : 381 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsson , G. 2002 . Work-life balance: the case of Sweden in the 1990s . Social Science Information , 41 : 303 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , K. 1994 . Children with special health needs: ensuring appropriate coverage and care under health care reform . Health Policy and Child Health , 1 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , H. , Paci , P. and Waldfogel , J. 1999 . The wages of motherhood: better or worse? . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 23 : 543 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubb , M. and Shanley , E. 2002 . Family involvement: the key to opening locked wards and closed minds . International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 11 : 47 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamerman , S. B. and Kahn , A. J. 1997 . Family Change and Family Policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States , Oxford and New York : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Karner , A. M. , Dahlgren , M. A. and Bergdahl , B. 2004 . Rehabilitation after coronary heart disease: spouses' views of support . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 46 : 204 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensson-Hallstrom , I. , Elander , G. and Malmfors , G. 1997 . Increased parental participation in a paediatric surgical day-care unit . Journal of Clinical Nursing , 6 : 297 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca , A. M. , Auslander , W. F. , Greco , P. , Spetter , D. , Fisher , E. B. Jr. and Santiago , J. V. 1995 . I get by with a little help from my family and friends: adolescents' support for diabetes care . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 20 : 449 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindert , P. 2004 . Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loda , F. A. , Glezen , W. P. and Clyde , W. A. Jr. 1972 . Respiratory disease in group day care . Pediatrics , 49 : 428 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , S. O. and Harris , P. B. 2000 . Gender and elder care: social change and the role of the caregiver in Japan . Social Science Japan Journal , 3 : 21 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• McGraw , T. 1994 . Preparing children for the operating room: psychological issues . Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia , 41 : 1094 – 1103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medjuck , S. , Keefe , J. M. and Fancey , P. J. 1998 . Available but not accessible: an examination of the use of workplace policies for caregivers of elderly kin . Journal of Family Issues , 19 : 274 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishel , L. , Bernstein , J. and Allegretto , S. 2005 . The State of Working America: 2004–2005 , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mottonen , M. and Uhari , M. 1992 . Absences for sickness among children in day care . Acta Paediatrica , 81 : 929 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , B. , Schofield , H. , Nankervis , J. , Bloch , S. , Herrman , H. and Singh , B. 1997 . Women with multiple roles: the emotional impact of caring for ageing parents . Ageing and Society , 17 : 277 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Caregiving (NAC) and American Association of Retired People (AARP) . 2004 . “ Caregiving in the U.S. ” . available at: http://www.caregiving.org/data/04finalreport.pdf (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Department of Labour, no date, Your rights to holidays and other leave, available at: http://www.ers.dol.govt.nz/publications/pdfs/holidays.pdf (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Nickell , Stephen . 1997 . Unemployment and labor market rigidities: Europe versus North America . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 11 ( 3 ) : 55 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . 1995 . “ Long-term leave for parents in OECD countries ” . In Employment Outlook , 171 – 230 . Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , S. J. 1993 . Care of sick children by parents: a meaningful role . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 18 : 185 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psacharopoulos G. Tzannatos Z. Case Studies on Women's Employment and Pay in Latin America Washington, DC World Bank 1992
   Google Scholar
• Rantanen , A. , Kaunonen , M. , Astedt-Kurki , P. and Tarkka , M. T. 2004 . Coronary artery bypass grafting: social support for patients and their significant others . Journal of Clinical Nursing , 13 : 158 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlins , J. M. 1999 . Confronting ageing as a Caribbean reality . Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare , 26 : 143 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo , H. E. and Rozental , M. 1994 . The social impact of aging populations: some major issues . Social Science and Medicine , 39 : 1323 – 1338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainsbury , C. P. , Gray , O. P. , Cleary , J. , Davies , M. M. and Rowlandson , P. H. 1986 . Care by parents of their children in hospital . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 61 : 612 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salokangas , R. K. 1997 . Living situation, social network and outcome in schizophrenia: a five-year prospective follow-up study . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 96 : 459 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman , T. E. 2000 . Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults . American Journal of Health Promotion , 14 : 362 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , H. 1997 . Labor market rigidities: at the root of unemployment in Europe . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 11 ( 3 ) : 37 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration (SSA) and International Social Security Administration (ISSA) . 2002 . “ Social security programs throughout the world: Europe ” . 2002, available at: http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/europe/index.html (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration (SSA) and International Social Security Administration (ISSA) . 2003a . “ Social security programs throughout the world: Africa ” . 2003, available at: http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/africa/index.html (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration (SSA) and International Social Security Administration (ISSA) . 2003b . “ Social security programs throughout the world: Asia and the Pacific ” . 2002, available at: http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/asia/index.html (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Social Security Administration (SSA) and International Social Security Administration (ISSA) . 2004 . “ Social security programs throughout the world: The Americas ” . 2003, available at: http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/americas/index.html (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Stanhope , V. 2002 . Culture, control, and family involvement: a comparison of psychosocial rehabilitation in India and the United States . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 25 : 273 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strangert , K. 1976 . Respiratory illness in preschool children with different forms of day care . Pediatrics , 57 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , P. , Woodward , W. E. , Pickering , L. K. and DuPont , H. L. 1984 . Longitudinal study of occurrence of diarrheal disease in day care centers . American Journal of Public Health , 74 : 987 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. R. and O'Connor , P. 1989 . Resident parents and shorter hospital stay . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 64 : 274 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsouna-Hadjis , E. , Vemmos , K. N. , Zakopoulos , N. and Stamatelopoulos , S. 2000 . First-stroke recovery process: the role of family social support . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 81 : 881 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry . 2000 . “ Frequently asked questions about time off for dependants ” . available at: http://www.dti.gov.uk/er/faqs.htm (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Program (UNDP) . 2004 . Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World , Oxford : Oxford University Press . available at: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/ (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Population Division (UNPD) . 2001 . World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision Highlights , New York : Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Labor, no date, Compliance assistance – Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), available at: http://www.dol.gov/esa/whd/fmla (accessed September 15, 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Van der Schyff , G. 1979 . The role of parents during their child's hospitalisation . Australian Nurses' Journal , 8 : 57 – 58, 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldfogel , J. 2001 . What Other nations do: international policies toward parental leave and child care . The Future of Children , 11 ( 4 ) : 99 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Waugh , T. A. and Kjos , D. L. 1992 . Parental involvement and the effectiveness of an adolescent day treatment program . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 21 : 487 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman , C. , Resnick , M. D. , Harris , L. J. and Blum , R. W. 1994 . Emotional well-being among adolescents with and without chronic conditions . Journal of Adolescent Health , 15 : 199 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloshin , S. , Schwartz , L. M. , Tosteson , A. N. , Chang , C. H. , Wright , B. , Plohman , J. and Fisher , E. S. 1997 . Perceived adequacy of tangible social support and health outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 12 : 613 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar