Systemic markers of inflammation – are they useful predictive tools in coronary artery disease?

References

• Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 1685–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001; 104: 365–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsmikas S, Willerson JT, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and other emerging blood biomarkers to optimize risk stratification of vulnerable patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47(Suppl C)19–31
   Google Scholar
• Fichtlscherer S, Heeschen C, Zeiher AM. Inflammatory markers and coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004; 4: 124–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation. 2003; 107: 363–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, Weiner DL, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, et al. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: A TIMI 11A substudy. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 1460–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Wiviott SD, Blazing MA, Shui A, et al. Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein during follow-up of patients with acute coronary syndromes in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial. Circulation. 2006; 114: 281–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 836–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasucci LM, Liuzzo G, Fantuzzi G, Caligiuri G, Rebuzzi AG, Ginnetti F, et al. Increasing levels of interleukin (IL)-1Ra and IL-6 during the first 2 days of hospitalization in unstable angina are associated with increased risk of in-hospital coronary events. Circulation. 1999; 99: 2079–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernberg T, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Andren B, Frostfeldt G, Lagerqvist B, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in relation to inflammation, myocardial necrosis, and the effect of an invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1909–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukrust P, Muller F, Ueland T, Berget T, Aaser E, Brunsvig A, et al. Enhanced levels of soluble and membrane-bound CD40 ligand in patients with unstable angina. Possible reflection of T lymphocyte and platelet involvement in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1999; 100: 614–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, et al. CAPTURE Study Investigators. Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 1104–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, Fichtlscherer S, Boersma E, Simoons ML, et al. CAPTURE Study Investigators. Serum level of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 is an important prognostic determinant in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2109–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousoulis D, Charakida M, Stefanadis C. Endothelial function and inflammation in coronary artery disease. Heart. 2006; 92: 441–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1899–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Roitman-Johnson B, Stampfer MJ, Allen J. Plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and risks of future myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men. Lancet. 1998; 351: 88–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blann AD. Plasma von Willebrand factor, thrombosis, and the endothelium: The first 30 years. Thromb Haemost. 2006; 95: 49–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blann AD, McCollum CN. von Willebrand factor and soluble thrombomodulin as predictors of adverse events among subjects with peripheral or coronary atherosclerosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1999; 10: 375–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivot JM, Labreuche J, Aiach M, Amarenco P, Investigators GENIC. Soluble thrombomodulin and brain infarction: Case-control and prospective study. Stroke. 2004; 35: 1946–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunsch C, Medford RM. Oxidative stress as a regulator of gene expression in the vasculature. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 753–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D. Atherogenesis in perspective: Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nat Med. 2002; 8: 1211–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruef J, Marz W, Winkelmann BR. Correlation of markers for endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress with coronary artery disease. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2006; (in press).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrono C, FitzGerald GA. Isoprostanes: Potential markers of oxidant stress in atherothrombotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 2309–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukrust P, Berge RK, Ueland T, Aaser E, Damas JK, Wikeby L, et al. Interaction between chemokines and oxidative stress: Possible pathogenic role in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 7: 485–91
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 154–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimikas S, Bergmark C, Beyer RW, Patel R, Pattison J, Miller E, et al. Temporal increases in plasma markers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein strongly reflect the presence of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 360–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, Haze K, Itoh A, Otsuka M, et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001; 103: 1955–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, McConnell JP, Lennon RJ, Kornman KS, et al. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 46–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macphee CH, Nelson J, Zalewski A. Role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis and its potential as a therapeutic target. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006; 6: 154–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard CJ, O'Reilly DS, Caslake MJ, McMahon AD, Ford I, Cooney J, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1148–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W, Khuseyinova N, Lowel H, Trischler G, Meisinger C. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 adds to risk prediction of incident coronary events by C-reactive protein in apparently healthy middle-aged men from the general population: results from the 14-year follow-up of a large cohort from southern Germany. Circulation. 2004; 110: 1903–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls SJ, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25: 1102–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asselbergs FW, Tervaert JW, Tio RA. Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 516–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, Aviles RJ, Pearce GL, Penn MS, et al. Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2001; 286: 2136–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American Heart Association. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003; 107: 499–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar