Sternal wound infections following open heart surgery – a review

References

• Gardlund B, Bitkover CY, Vaage J. Postoperative mediastinitis in cardiac surgery – microbiology and pathogenesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:825–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg O, Svedjeholm R, Kallman J, et al. Incidence, microbiological findings, and clinical presentation of sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery with and without local gentamicin prophylaxis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:91–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widerstrom M, Wistrom J, Sjostedt A, et al. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: update on the molecular epidemiology and clinical presentation, with a focus on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:7–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz P, Hortal J, Giannella M, et al. Nasal carriage of S. aureus increases the risk of surgical site infection after major heart surgery. J Hosp Infect. 2008;68:25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unemo M, Friberg O, Enquist E, et al. Genetic homogeneity/heterogeneity of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from patients during cardiothoracic reoperation. Anaerobe. 2007;13:121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Oakley RM, Wright JE. Postoperative mediastinitis: classification and management. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:1030–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg TC, Kjorstad KE, Akselsen PE, et al. National surveillance of surgical site infections after coronary artery bypass grafting in Norway: incidence and risk factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40:1291–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridderstolpe L, Gill H, Granfeldt H, et al. Superficial and deep sternal wound complications: incidence, risk factors and mortality. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:1168–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingrimsson S, Gottfredsson M, Kristinsson KG, et al. Deep sternal wound infections following open heart surgery in Iceland: a population-based study. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008;42:208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36:309–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree TD, Codd JE, Fraser VJ Jr., et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for deep and superficial sternal infection after coronary artery bypass grafting at a tertiary care medical center. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;16:53–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borger MA, Rao V, Weisel RD, et al. Deep sternal wound infection: risk factors and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1050–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogren J, Nilsson J, Gustafsson R, et al. The impact of vacuum-assisted closure on long-term survival after post-sternotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1270–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:352–360. discussion 60-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai C, Lu Z, Zhu H, et al. Bilateral internal mammary artery grafting and risk of sternal wound infection: evidence from observational studies. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:1938–1945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itagaki S, Cavallaro P, Adams DH, et al. Bilateral internal mammary artery grafts, mortality and morbidity: an analysis of 1 526 360 coronary bypass operations. Heart. 2013;99:849–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajimoto K, Yamamoto T, Amano A. Coronary artery bypass revascularization using bilateral internal thoracic arteries in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99:1097–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robicsek F, Daugherty HK, Cook JW. The prevention and treatment of sternum separation following open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1977;73:267–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant LR, Spencer FC, Trinkle JK. Treatment of median sternotomy infection by mediastinal irrigation with an antibiotic solution. Ann Surg. 1969;169:914–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartipy U, Lockowandt U, Gabel J, et al. Cardiac rupture during vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1110–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicilioni OJ Jr., Stieg FH 3rd, Papanicolaou G. Sternal wound reconstruction with transverse plate fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1297–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AB Jr., Schimert G, Shaktin S, et al. Total excision of the sternum and thoracic pedicle transposition of the greater omentum; useful strategems in managing severe mediastinal infection following open heart surgery. Surgery. 1976;80:433–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J 3rd, Hester TR, et al. Infected median sternotomy wound. Successful treatment by muscle flaps. Ann Surg. 1980;191:738–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petzina R, Hoffmann J, Navasardyan A, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for post-sternotomy mediastinitis reduces mortality rate and sternal re-infection rate compared to conventional treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;38:110–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogren J, Gustafsson R, Nilsson J, et al. Clinical outcome after poststernotomy mediastinitis: vacuum-assisted closure versus conventional treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:2049–2055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingrimsson S, Gottfredsson M, Gudmundsdottir I, et al. Negative-pressure wound therapy for deep sternal wound infections reduces the rate of surgical interventions for early re-infections. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:406–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obdeijn MC, de Lange MY, Lichtendahl DH, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:2358–2360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass GE, Murphy GF, Esmaeili A, et al. Systematic review of molecular mechanism of action of negative-pressure wound therapy. Br J Surg. 2014;101:1627–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wackenfors A, Gustafsson R, Sjogren J, et al. Blood flow responses in the peristernal thoracic wall during vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1724–1730. discussion 30-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmsjo M, Gustafsson L, Lindstedt S, et al. The effects of variable, intermittent, and continuous negative pressure wound therapy, using foam or gauze, on wound contraction, granulation tissue formation, and ingrowth into the wound filler. Eplasty. 2012;12:e5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isago T, Nozaki M, Kikuchi Y, et al. Effects of different negative pressures on reduction of wounds in negative pressure dressings. J Dermatol. 2003;30:596–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhtari A, Petzina R, Gustafsson L, et al. Sternal stability at different negative pressures during vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1063–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgquist O, Ingemansson R, Malmsjo M. The influence of low and high pressure levels during negative-pressure wound therapy on wound contraction and fluid evacuation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:551–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson R, Johnsson P, Algotsson L, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy guided by C-reactive protein level in patients with deep sternal wound infection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:895–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogren J, Gustafsson R, Nilsson J, et al. Negative-pressure wound therapy following cardiac surgery: bleeding complications and 30-day mortality in 176 patients with deep sternal wound infection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;12:117–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson RI, Sjogren J, Ingemansson R. Deep sternal wound infection: a sternal-sparing technique with vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:2048–2053. discussion 53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakenburg A, Obdeijn MC, Feitz R, et al. The clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness of the vacuum-assisted closure technique in the management of acute and chronic wounds: a randomized controlled trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:390–397. discussion 8-400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Gott VL, Townsend TR. Mediastinal infection after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;38:415–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillot R, Cloutier D, Montalin L, et al. Impact of deep sternal wound infection management with vacuum-assisted closure therapy followed by sternal osteosynthesis: a 15-year review of 23,499 sternotomies. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37:880–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarzia V, Carrozzini M, Bortolussi G, et al. Impact of vacuum-assisted closure therapy on outcomes of sternal wound dehiscence. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2014;19:70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jideus L, Liss A, Stahle E. Patients with sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery do not improve their quality of life. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2009;43:194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braxton JH, Marrin CA, McGrath PD, et al. 10-year follow-up of patients with and without mediastinitis. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;16:70–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sjogren J, Malmsjo M, Gustafsson R, et al. Poststernotomy mediastinitis: a review of conventional surgical treatments, vacuum-assisted closure therapy and presentation of the Lund University Hospital mediastinitis algorithm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:898–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubbink DT, Westerbos SJ, Nelson EA, et al. A systematic review of topical negative pressure therapy for acute and chronic wounds. Br J Surg. 2008;95:685–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peinemann F, McGauran N, Sauerland S, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy: potential publication bias caused by lack of access to unpublished study results data. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8:4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhtari A, Sjogren J, Nilsson J, et al. The cost of vacuum-assisted closure therapy in treatment of deep sternal wound infection. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008;42:85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingrimsson S, Gustafsson R, Gudbjartsson T, et al. Sternocutaneous fistulas after cardiac surgery: incidence and late outcome during a ten-year follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1910–1915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingrimsson S, Sjogren J, Gudbjartsson T. Incidence of sternocutaneous fistulas following open heart surgery in a nationwide cohort. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:623–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones G, Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J, et al. Management of the infected median sternotomy wound with muscle flaps. The Emory 20-year experience. Ann Surg. 1997;225:766–776. discussion 76-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestergaard RF, Jensen H, Vind-Kezunovic S, et al. Bone healing after median sternotomy: a comparison of two hemostatic devices. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;5:117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocco MP, Ballardini M, Masala M, et al. Post-sternotomy chronic osteomyelitis: is sternal resection always necessary? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;43:715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster J, Alghamdi AA. Use of plastic adhesive drapes during surgery for preventing surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;CD006353.
   Google Scholar
• Jain R, Kralovic SM, Evans ME, et al. Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1419–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelemer SB, Prato BS, Cox PM Jr., et al. Association of bacterial infection and red blood cell transfusion after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:138–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikhrezai K, Robertson FL, Anderson SE, et al. Does the number of wires used to close a sternotomy have an impact on deep sternal wound infection? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:219–222.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmer C, Reents W, Berneder S, et al. Prevention of sternal dehiscence and infection in high-risk patients: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:1897–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen T, Villebro N, Moller AM. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD002294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreter B, Woods M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiothoracic operations. Meta-analysis of thirty years of clinical trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:590–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg O, Dahlin L-G, Kallman J, et al. Collagen-gentamicin implant for prevention of sternal wound infection; long-term follow-up of effectiveness. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:454–458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsson DP, Holzmann MJ, Sartipy U. Antibiotic prophylaxis by teicoplanin and risk of acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;2015;29:626–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolon MK, Morlote M, Weber SG, et al. Glycopeptides are no more effective than beta-lactam agents for prevention of surgical site infection after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1357–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalewski M, Pawliszak W, Zaborowska K, et al. Gentamicin-collagen sponge reduces the risk of sternal wound infections after heart surgery: meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:1631–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett-Guerrero E, Ferguson T, Lin M, et al. Effect of an implantable gentamicin-collagen sponge on sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304:755–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar HL, Ketchedjian A, Haime M, et al. Topical vancomycin in combination with perioperative antibiotics and tight glycemic control helps to eliminate sternal wound infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148:1035–1038. 8-40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thimour-Bergstrom L, Roman-Emanuel C, Schersten H, et al. Triclosan-coated sutures reduce surgical site infection after open vein harvesting in coronary artery bypass grafting patients: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;44:931–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seim BE, Tonnessen T, Woldbaek PR. Triclosan-coated sutures do not reduce leg wound infections after coronary artery bypass grafting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:411–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingrimsson S, Thimour-Bergström L, Roman-Emanuel C, et al. Triclosan-coated sutures and sternal wound infections: a prospective randomized clincial trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34:2331–2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar