Serum Cholesterol, Lifestyle, Working Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Experiences from a Hospital-based Secondary Prevention Programme

References

• WHO World Health Statistics Annual 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Nystrom L, Rosen M, Wall S. Why are diabetes, stomach cancer and circulatory disease more common in northern Sweden? Scand J Prim Health Care 1986; 4: 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Nerbrand C, Svärsudd K, Hörte LG, Tibblin G. Are Geographical differences in cardiovascular mortality due to morbidity differences or the methodological differences? The project "Myocardial infarction in Mid-Sweden". Scand J Soc Med 1991; 4: 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Folkhälsorapporten 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Hammar N, Alfredsson L. Hjärtinfarkt bland yngre kvinnor. Aktuella data talar for en minskning. Läkartidningen 1993; 90: 2447–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vartiainen E, Puska P. Pekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P. Changes in risk factors explain changes in mortality from ischemic heart disease in Finland. Br Med J 1994; 309: 23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Lipid metabolism Atherogenesis Branch, N.H., Lung and Blood Institut The lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results. JAMA 1984; 251: 351–364.
   Google Scholar
• Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationships between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuos or graded? Findings in 356.222 primary screens of the multiple Risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT). JAMA 1986; 256: 2823–28.
   Google Scholar
• Pooling Project Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events. Final report of the pooling Project. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 201–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermansson B, Omenn GS, Kronmal RA, Gersh BJ. Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease. Results from the CASS registry. N Engl J Med 1988: 1365–1369.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrish SP, Shapiro S. The risk of myocardial infarction after quitting smoking in men under 55 years of age. N Engl J Med. 1985; 313: 1511–1514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–778.
   Google Scholar
• Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood Pressure, stroke and coronary disease. Part 2, short -term reduction in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827–838.
   Google Scholar
• Ryder L, Beck-Nielsen H, Troelsen S. Diabetic patients and myocardial infarctions. Acta endocrinologica 1984; suppl 262: 83–87.
   Google Scholar
• Ryder L, Froelsen S, Beck-Nielsen H. Prevalence and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 230–234.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson BW, Herlitz J, Hjalmarsson A. Prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1993; 10(5): 449–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kannel WB. Lipids, diabetes and coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 1100–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, Mcgee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The Framing-ham study. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 120–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannel WB. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes 1974; 23: 105–111.
   Google Scholar
• Waaler HT. Height, weight and mortality. The Norwe-gan experience. Acta Med Scand 1983; Suppl 3: 679.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Svärsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Björntorp P. Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death. A 13-year follow up of participants in the Study of Men born in 1913. BMJ 1984; 288: 1401–1404.
   Google Scholar
• Rosengren A, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L. Coronary heart disease and mortality in middle aged med from different occupational classes in Sweden. Br Med J 1988; 297: 1497–1500.
   Google Scholar
• Appels A. Mental precursors of myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156: 465–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfredson L, Karasek R, Theorell T. Myocardial infarction risk and psychosocial work enviroment: An analysis of the male Swedish working force. Soc Sci Med 1982; 16: 463–467.
   Google Scholar
• Stary HC. The sequence of cell and matrix changes in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries in the first forty years of life. Eur Heart J 1990; 11(suppl E): 3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Holman RL, McGill Jr HC, Strong JP, Geer JC. The natural history of atherosclerosis: The early aortic lesions as seen in New Orleans in the middle of the 20th century. AM J Pathol 1958; 34: 209–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeither AM, Drexler H, Wollschloeger H, Just H. Modulation of vasomotor tonus in humans. Progressive endothelial dysfunction with different early stages of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991; 83: 391–401.
   Google Scholar
• Arbustini E, Grasso M, Diegoli M, et al. Coronary atherosclerotic plaque with and without thrombus in ischemic heart syndroms: a morphological immunohis-tochemical and biochemical study. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 36B–50B.
   Google Scholar
• Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, Suchindran CM, Leon A, Rifkind BM, Tyroler HA. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without pre-existing cardiovascu-lar disease. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1700–1707.
   Google Scholar
• Scandinavian simvastatin survival Study Group. Rando-mised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Pfeffer M, Moye L, Rouleau J, Rutherford J, Cole T. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Armstrong WT, Ports TA. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 1990; 336: 129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Ports TA, Phillips NR, Diehl JC, Havel RJ. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with com-bined drug regimens. JAMA 1990; 264: 3007–3012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwald H, Varco RL, Malts JP, Long JM, Campbell GS, Pearce MB. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia: Report of the Program on Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 946–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown BG, Zhao X-Q, Sacco DE, Albers H. Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993; 87: 1781–1791.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, Neaton JD, Castelli WP, Knoke JD. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: Four Prospective American studies. Circulation 1989; 79: 8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentala E. Physical fitness and feasibility of physical rehabilitation after myocardial infarction in men of working age. Ann Clin Res 1972; 91: 1–84.
   Google Scholar
• Wilhelmsen L, Sanne H, Elmfeldt D, Grimby G, Tibblin G, Wedel H. A controller trial of physical training after myocardial infarction: Effects on risk factors, non-fatal reinfarction, and death. Prey Med 1975; 4: 491–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LW. Effects of prescribed supervised exercise program on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients after myocardial infarction. The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project. Am J Card 1981; 48: 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Com-bined experience of randomised trials. JAMA 1988; 260: 945–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusuf S, Goldhaber SZ, Olmstead EM, Pfaffenberg Jr RS, Hennekens CH. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1989; 80: 234–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskell WL. Mechanisms by which physical activity may enhance the clinical studies of cardiac patients. Pollock ML, Schmidt DH.: in Heart Disease and Rehabilitation, ed 2. New York, John Wiley and Sons 1985: 276–96.
   Google Scholar
• Roman O, Guiterrez M, Luksic I, Chavez E, Camuzzi AL. Cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction: 9-year controlled follow-up study. Cardiology 1983; 70: 223–31.
   Google Scholar
• Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, Maron DJ, Mackey SF, Superko HR. The effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease: The Stanford coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation 1994; 89: 975–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rechnitzer PA, Cunningham DA, Andrew GM, Buck CW, Jones NL. Exercise-Heart Collaborative Study: relation of exercise to the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction in men. AM J Cardiol 1983; 51: 65–9.
   Google Scholar
• Goble AJ, Hare DL, Macdonald PS, Oliver RG, Reid MA, Worcester MC. Effect of early programmes of high and low intensity exercise on physical performance after transmural acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1991; 65: 126–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-An i E, Rothbaum DA, Linnemeier TJ, Landin RJ, Steinmetz EF. Benefits of a monitored rehabilitation program versus physician care after emergency perm-taneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: follow-up of risk factors and rate of restenosis. J Cardiopulm Rehab 1989; 7: 281–5.
   Google Scholar
• Heath GW, Maloney PM, Fure CW. Group exercise versus home exercise in coronary artery bypass grafting patients: effect on physical activity habits. J Cardiopulm Rehab 1987; 7: 190–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lamm G, Denolin H, Dorrosiev D, Pisa Z. Rehabilita-tion and secondary prevention of patients after acute myocardial infarction. Adv Cardiol 1982; 31: 107–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennis C, Houston-Miller N, Schwartz RG, Alm DK, Kraemer HC, Gossard D. Early return ro work after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: results from a randomised trial. JAMA 1988; 260: 214–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeland J, Havik O. The effects of an in-hospital educational programme for myocardial infarction patients. Scand J Rehabil Med 1987; 19: 57–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ralagh E, Odtohan B. The effect of a cardiac teaching program on patient rehabilitation. Heart Lung 1987; 16: 311–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall J, Penkhofer S, Llewellyn J. Structured post-operative teaching and knowledge and compliance of patients who had coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Lung 1986; 15: 76–82.
   Google Scholar
• Horlich L, Cameron R, Firor W, Bhalerao U, Baltzan R. The effects of education and group discussion in the post myocardial patient. J Psychosom Res 1984; 26: 485–92.
   Google Scholar
• Scalzi C, Burke L, Greenland S. Evaluation of an inpatient educational program for coronary patients and families. Heart Lung 1980; 9: 846–53.
   Google Scholar
• White C, Lemon D, Albanese M. Efficacy of health education efforts in hospitalized patients with serious cardiovascular illness: can teaching succeed? Pat Couns Health Educ 1980; 2: 189–96.
   Google Scholar
• Pozen MW, Stechmiller JA, Harris W, Smith S, Fried DD, Voigt GC. A nurse rehabilitator's impact on patients with myocardial infarction. Med Care 1977; 15: 830–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burges AW, Leiner DJ, D'Agostino RB, Vokonas PS, Hartinan CR, Gaccione P. A randomized control tdal of cardiac rehabilitation. Soc Sci Med. 1987; 24: 359–70.
   Google Scholar
• Ryder R, Hayes T, Mulligan I, Kingswood J, Williams S, Owens D. How soon after acute myocardial infarction should plasma lipid values be assessed? BMJ 1984; 289: 1651–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avogaro P. Bittolo G, Cazzaloto G, Quinci G, Caturelli G. Variations in apolipoproteins B and A during the course od myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest 1978; 8: 88–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mundy GR, McPherson DG. Variatoins in serum cholesterol levels after myocardial infarction. Med J Aust 1973; 1: 278–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritland S, Blomhoff J, Enger S, Skrede S, Gjone E. The esterification on cholesterol in plasma after actute myocardial infarction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1975; 35: 181–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolinsky H. The effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on blood lipid levels. Clin Cardiol 1987; 10: 561–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1112–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wood D and Eurospire Study Group. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Principal results. European Heart Journal 1997; 18: 1569–82.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen MV, Byrne M-J, Levine B, Gutowski T, Adelson R. Low rate of treatment of hypercholesterolemia by cardiologists in patients with suspected and proven coronary artery disease. Circulation 1991; 83: 1294–1304.
   Google Scholar
• Squires RW, Gau GT, Miller TD, Allison TG, Lavie CJ. Cardiovascular rehabilitation: status 1990, Mayo Clin Proc. 1990; 65: 731–55.
   Google Scholar
• DeBusk RF, Houston Miller N, Superko R, Dennis C, Thomas R, Lew H, et al. A case-management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 721–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris TB, Launer LJ, Madans J, Feldman JJ. Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age. Br Med J 1997; 314: 1791–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin WM, Haskell WL, Houston-Miller N, DeBusk R. Improvement in aerobic capacity soon after myocardial infarction. J Cardiac Rehabil 1981; 1: 337–42.
   Google Scholar
• Wiklund I, Sanne H, Elmfeldt D, Vedin A, Wilhelmsen C. Emotional reaction, health preoccupation and sexual activity two months after myocardial infarction. Scand J Rehab Med. 1984; 16: 47–56.
   Google Scholar
• Havik OE, Maeland JG. Patterns of emotional reactions after a myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res. 1990; 34: 271–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forreseter A, Lipsey J, Teitelbaum M, DePaulo R, Adrzejewski P. Depression following myocardial infarction. Int J Psych Med. 1992; 22: 33–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar