Effect of Muscle Pain on Motor Control: A Human Experimental Approach

REFERENCES

• Vicenzino B, Collins D, Wright A. The initial effects of a cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treatment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia. Pain 1996;68:69–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund H, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Kanstrup IL, Sejrsen P. The effect of passive stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness, and other detrimental effects following eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998;8:216–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feine JS, Lund JP. An assessment of the efficacy of physical therapy and physical modalities for the control of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 1997;71:5–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt-Nielsen L. Jensen TS, Turner JA, Wiesen-feld-Hallin Z, editors Progress in pain research and management. Induction and assessment of experimental pain from human skin, muscle, and viscera. IASP Press, Seattle 1997:393–425.
   Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T. Sensory manifestations and sensory-motor interactions during experimental muscle pain in man. PhD Thesis, Aalborg University, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Induction and assessment of experimental muscle pain. J Elec-tromyogr Kinesiol 1995;5:131–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis T. Pain in muscular ischemia. Arch Int Med 1932;49:713–27.
   Google Scholar
• Moore RM, Moore RE, Singleton AO. Experiments on the chemical stimulation of pain-endings associated with small blood-vessels. Am J Physiol 1934;107:594–602.
   Google Scholar
• Harpuder K, Stein ID. Studies on the nature of pain arising from an ischemic limb. Am Heart J 1943;25:429–48.
   Google Scholar
• Vecchiet L, Giamberardino MA, Marini I, et al., editors. Pain and mobility; immediate muscular pain from physical activity. New York: Raven Press, 1987:193–218.
   Google Scholar
• Newham DJ, Edwards RHT, Mills KR. Wall PD, Melzack R, editors. Textbook of pain, 3rd edn. Skeletal muscle pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1994;23:423–40.
   Google Scholar
• Asmussen E. Observations on experimental muscular soreness. Acta Rheumatol Scand 1956;2:109–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newham DJ. The consequences of eccentric contractions and their relation to delayed onset muscle pain. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988;57:353– 9.
   Google Scholar
• Howell JN, Chleboun G, Conatser R. Muscle stiffness, strength loss, swelling and soreness following exercise-induced injury in humans. J Physiol 1993;464:183–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Effect of topical NSAID on post-exercise jaw muscle soreness: A placebo-controlled experimental study. J Muscu-loskel Pain 1995;3:41–58.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Houe L, Arendt-Nielsen L. Effect of systemic versus topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postexercise jaw-muscle soreness: a placebo-controlled study. J Orofac Pain 1997;11:353–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howell JN, Conatser RR, Chleboun GS, Kara-pondo DL, Chila AG. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury. 2. Ibuprofen. J Musculoskel Pain 1998;6:69–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows JC. Observations on muscle pain in man, with particular reference to pain during needle electromyography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:519–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brucini M, Duranti R, Galletti R, Pantaleo T, Zucchi PL. Pain thresholds and electromyographic features of periarticular muscles in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Pain 1981;10:57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duranti R, Galletti R, Pantaleo T. Relationships between characteristics of electrical stimulation, muscle pain and blink responses in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983;55:637–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vecchiet L, Galletti R, Giamberardino MA, Dragani L, Marini F. Modifications of cutaneous, subcutaneous and muscular sensory and pain thresholds after the induction of an experimental algogenic focus in the skeletal muscle. Clin J Pain 1988;4:55–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kawakita K, Miura T, Iwase Y. Deep pain measurement at tender points by pulse algometry with insulated needle electrodes. Pain 1991;44:235–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishimaru K, Kawakita K, Sakita M. Analgesic effects induced by TENS and electroacupunture with different types of stimulating electrodes on deep tissues in human subjects. Pain 1995;63:181– 7.
   Google Scholar
• Sörensen J, Graven-Nielsen T, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M, Arendt-Nielsen L. Hyperexcitability in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1998;25:152–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P, Jensen TS. Temporal summation in muscles and referred pain areas: An experimental human study. Muscle & Nerve 1997;20:1311–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Beydoun A, Morrow TJ, Casey KL. Human intramuscular and cutaneous pain: Phychophysical comparisons. Exp Brain Res 1997;114:390–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Beydoun A, Morrow TJ, Casey KL. Non-painful and painful stimulation of human skin and muscle: analysis of cerebral evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;104:343–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torebjörk HE, Ochoa JL, Schady W. Referred pain from intraneural stimulation of muscle fascicles in the median nerve. Pain 1984;18:145–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone DA, Marchettini P, Caputi G, Ochoa JL. Identification of muscle afferents subserving sensation of deep pain in humans. J Neurophysiol 1994;72:883–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchettini P, Simone DA, Caputi G, Ochoa JL. Pain from excitation of identified muscle noci-ceptors in humans. Brain Res 1996;740:109–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen RJ, Graven-Nielsen T, Jensen TS, Arendt-Nielsen L. Referred pain is dependent on sensory input from the peripheral – a human experimental study. Eur J Pain 1997;1:261–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laursen RJ, Graven-Nielsen T, Jensen TS, Arendt-Nielsen L. The effect of differential and complete nerve block on referred pain – a psycho-physical study. Pain 1998;80:257–63.
   Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Zhang X, Ashton-Miller JA. Davi-dovitch Z, editor. The biological mechanisms of tooth movement and craniofacial adaptation. An experimental model of jaw muscle pain in man. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, 1992:503–11.
   Google Scholar
• Witting N, Svensson P, Gottrup H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS. Intramuscular and intrader-mal injection of capsaicin: a comparison of local and referred pain. Pain 1999; 84:407–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen K, Tuxen C, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Jansen I, Olesen J. Pain and tenderness in human temporal muscle induced by bradykinin and 5-hy-droxytryptamine. Peptides 1990;11:1127–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babenko V, Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P, Drewes AM, Jensen TS, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimental human muscle pain induced by intramuscular injections of bradykinin, serotonin, and substance P. Eur J Pain 1999;3:93–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babenko V, Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P, Drewes AM, Jensen TS, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimental human muscle pain and muscular hyperal-gesia induced by combinations of serotonin and bradykinin. Pain 1999;82:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Nielsen LB, Jensen K, Jansen I, Olesen J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurokinin a and substance p: effects on nocicep-tion and neurogenic inflammation in human skin and temporal muscle. Peptides 1991;12:333–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen K, Norup M. Experimental pain in human temporal muscle induced by hypertonic saline, potassium and acidity. Cephalalgia 1992;12:101–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellgren JH. Observations on referred pain arising from muscle. Clin Sci 1938;3:175–90.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis T. Suggestions relating to the study of somatic pain. Br Med J 1938;321–5.
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein B, Langton JNK, Jameson RM, Schiller F. Experiments on pain referred from deep tissues. J Bone Joint Surg 1954;36:981–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Lund JP. Stohler CS, Carlson DS, editors. Biological & psychological aspects of orofacial pain. Effects of noxious stimulation of the jaw muscles on the sensory experience of volunteer human subjects. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth & Development, The University of Michigan, 1994:55–73.
   Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Lund JP. Morimoto T, Matsuya T, Takada K, editors. Brain and oral functions. Psy-chophysical and orofacial motor response to muscle pain – validation and utility of an experimental model. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam 1995: 227–37.
   Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Kowalski CJ. Spatial and temporal summation of sensory and affective dimensions of deep somatic pain. Pain 1999;79:165–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockaday JM, Whitty CWM. Patterns of referred pain in the normal subject. Brain 1967;90:481–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonica JJ. Bonica JJ, editor. The management of pain. 2nd ed. General considerations of acute pain. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990;7:159–79.
   Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P, Jensen TS. Experimental muscle pain: a quantitative study of local and referred pain in humans following injection of hypertonic saline. J Muscu-loskel Pain 1997;5:49–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P, Jensen TS. Quantification of local and referred muscle pain in humans after sequential i.m. injections of hypertonic saline. Pain 1997;69:111–7.
   Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P, Jensen TS. Stimulus-response functions in areas with experimentally induced referred muscle pain – a psychophysical study. Brain Res 1997;744:121– 8.
   Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, McArdle A, Phoenix J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS, Jackson MJ, Edwards RHT. In vivo model of muscle pain: quantification of intramuscular chemical, electrical, and pressure changes associated with saline-induced muscle pain in humans. Pain 1997;69:137–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Effects of experimental muscle pain on muscle activity and co-ordination during static and dynamic motor function. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;105:156–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Babenko V, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimentally induced muscle pain induces hypoalgesia in heterotopic deep tissues, but not in homotopic deep tissues. Brain Res 1998;787:203–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mense S. Nociception from skeletal muscle in relation to clinical muscle pain. Pain 1993;54:241– 89.
   Google Scholar
• Paintal AS. Functional analysis of group III afferent fibres of mammalian muscles. J Physiol 1960;152:250–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumazawa T, Mizumura K. Thin-fibre receptors responding to mechanical, chemical and thermal stimulation in the skeletal muscle of the dog. J Physiol 1977;273:179–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iggo A. Non-myelinated afferent fibres from mammalian skeletal muscle. J Physiol 1961;155:52–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serratrice G, Mei N, Pellissier JF, Cros D. Canal N, Pozza G, editors. Peripheral Neuropathies. Cutaneous, muscular and visceral un-myelinated afferent fibres: comparative study. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1978:69–82.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Graven-Nielsen T, Matre DA, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimental muscle pain does not cause long-lasting increases in resting EMG activity. Muscle & Nerve 1998;21:1382–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw AG, Karlsson S, Styf J, Bäcklund T, Fridén J. Knee extension torque and intramuscular pressure of the vastus lateralis muscle during eccentric and concentric activities. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995;70:13–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen BR, Jørgensen K, Huijing PA, Sjøgaard G. Soft tissue architecture and intramuscular pressure in the shoulder region. Eur J Morphol 1995;33:205–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff BB, Jarvik ME. Quantitative measures of deep somatic pain: further studies with hypertonic saline. Clin Sci 1965;28:43–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen MK, Graven-Nielsen T, Olesen AS, Arendt-Nielsen L. Generalised muscular hyperalge-sia in chronic whiplash syndrome. Pain 1999;83:229–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton-Miller JA, McGlashen KM, Herzenberg JE, Stohler CS. Cervical muscle myoelectric response to acute experimental sternocleidomastoid pain. Spine 1990;15:1006–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund JP, Stohler CS, Widmer CG. Værøy H, Merskey H, editors. Progress in fibromyalgia and myofascial pain. The relationship between pain and muscle activity in fibromyalgia and similar conditions. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993;23:311–27.
   Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Zhang X, Lund JP. The effect of experimental jaw muscle pain on postural muscle activity. Pain 1996;66:215–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elert JE, Dahlqvist SBR, Henriksson-Larsén K, Gerdle B. Increased EMG activity during short pauses in patients with primary fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1989;18:321–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zidar J, Bäckman E, Bengtsson A, Henriksson KG. Quantitative EMG and muscle tension in painful muscles in fibromyalgia. Pain 1990;40:249– 54.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson CR, Okeson JP, Falace DA, Nitz AJ, Curran SL, Anderson D. Comparison of psychologic and physiologic functioning between patients with masticatory muscle pain and matched controls. J Orofacial Pain 1993;7:15–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins GA, Cohen MJ, Nailboff BD, Schandler SL. Comparative analysis of paraspinal and frontalis EMG, heart rate and skin conductance in chronic low back pain patients and normals to various postures and stress. Scand J Rehab Med 1982;14:39– 46.
   Google Scholar
• Ahern DK, Follick MJ, Council JR, Laser-Wol-ston N, Litchman H. Comparison of lumbar par-avertebral EMG patterns in chronic low back pain patients and non-patient controls. Pain 1988;34:153–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travell J, Berry C, Bigelow N. Effects of referred somatic pain on structures in the reference zone. APS 1944;3:49.
   Google Scholar
• Simons DJ, Day E, Goodell H, Wolff HG. Experimental studies on headache: muscle of the scalp and neck as sources of pain. Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1943;23:228–44.
   Google Scholar
• Bogduk N, Munro RR. Experimental low back pain, referred pain and muscle spasm. J Anat 1979;128:661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVries HA. Quantitative electromyographic investigation of the spasm theory of muscle pain. Am J Phys Med 1966;45:119–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howell JN, Chilla AG, Ford G, David D, Gates T. An electromyographic study of elbow motion during postexercise muscle soreness. J Appl Physiol 1985;58:1713–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu JW, Sessle BJ, Raboisson P, Dallel R, Woda A. Stimulation of craniofacial muscle afferents induces prolonged facilitatory effects in trigeminal no-ciceptive brain-stem neurons. Pain 1992;48:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Houe L. Muscle pain modulates mastication: an experimental study in humans. J Orofacial Pain 1998;12:7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen S, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in patients with fibrositis syndrome. Scand J Rheumatology 1987;16:61–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckman E, Bengtsson A, Bengtsson M, Lennmarken C, Henriksson KG. Skeletal muscle function in primary fibromyalgia. Effect of regional sympathetic blockade with guanethidine. Acta Neu-rol Scand 1988;77:187–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen S, Wildschiødtz G, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength combined with transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation in primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1390–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molin C. Vertical isometric muscle forces of the mandible. Acta Odont Scand 1972;30:485–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alston W, Carlson KE, Feldman DJ, Grimm Z, Gerontios E. A quantitative study of muscle factors in the chronic low back syndrome. J Am Geriatr Soc 1966;14:1041–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorstensson A, Arvidson Å Trunk muscle strength and low back pain. Scand J Rehab Med 1982;14:69–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T, Svarrer H, Svensson P. The influence of low back pain on muscle activity and coordination during gait: A clinical and experimental study. Pain 1996;64:231– 40.
   Google Scholar
• Hagberg M, Kvarnström S. Muscular endurance and electromyographic fatigue in myofascial shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:522–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark GT, Beemsterboer PL, Jacobson R. The effect of sustained submaximal clenching on maximum bite force in myofascial pain dysfunction patients. J Oral Rehabil 1984;11:387–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elert JE, Dahlqvist SR, Almay B, Eisemann M. Muscle endurance, muscle tension and personality traits in patients with muscle or joint pain – a pilot study. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1550–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson A, Bäckman E, Lindblom B, Skogh T. Long term follow-up of fibromyalgia patients: Clinical symptoms, muscular function, laboratory test – an eight year comparison study. J Musculoskel Pain 1994;2:67–80.
   Google Scholar
• Gay T, Maton B, Rendell J, Majourau A. Characteristics of muscle fatigue in patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39:847–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James C, Sacco P, Jones DA. Loss of power during fatigue of human leg muscles. J Physiol 1995;484.1:237–46.
   Google Scholar
• Henriksson KG, Mense S. Pain and nociception in fibromyalgia: clinical and neurobiological considerations on aetiology and pathogenesis. Pain Rev 1994;1:245–60.
   Google Scholar
• Triano JJ, Schultz AB. Correlation of objective measure of trunk motion and muscle function with low-back disability ratings. Spine 1987;12:561–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sihvonen T, Partanen J, Hänninen O, Soimakallio S. Electric behaviour of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythm in low back pain patients and healthy controls. Arch Phys Med Re-habil 1991;72:1080–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund JP, Donga R, Widmer CG, Stohler CS. The pain-adaptation model: a discussion of the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and motor activity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991;69:683–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Houe L. Sensory-motor interactions of human experimental unilateral jaw muscle pain: a quantitative analysis. Pain 1996;64:24–9.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Houe L, Arendt-Nielsen L. Bilateral experimental muscle pain changes electromyo-graphic activity of human jaw-closing muscles during mastication. Exp Brain Res 1997;116:182– 5.
   Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Yamada Y, Ash MM, Jr. Antagonistic muscle stiffness and associated reflex behaviour in the pain-dysfunctional state. Helv Odont Acta 1985;29:13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Stohler CS, Ashton-Miller JA, Carlson DS. The effects of pain from the mandibular joint and muscles on masticatory motor behaviour in man. Arch Oral Biol 1988;33:175–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund JP, Stohler CS. Stohler CS, Carlson DS, editors. Biological & psychological aspects of orofacial pain. Effect of pain on muscular activity in temporomandibular disorders and related conditions. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth & Development, The University of Michigan; 1994: 75–91.
   Google Scholar
• Floyd WF, Silver PHS. The function of the erectores spinae muscles in certain movements and postures in man. J Physiol 1955;129:184–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe FJ, Hill RW. An objective approach to quantifying pain behaviour and gait patterns in low back pain patients. Pain 1985;21:153–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin SF, LeResche L, Truelove E. Epidemiology of signs and symptoms in temporo-mandibular disorders: Clinical signs in cases and controls. J Am Dent Assoc 1990;120:273–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrez A, Stohler CS. Jaw muscle pain and the effect on gothic arch tracings. J Prosthet Dent 1996;75:393–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeleine P, Lundager B, Voigt M, Arendt-Nielsen L. Shoulder muscle co-ordination during chronic and acute experimental neck-shoulder pain. An occupational pain study. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999;79:127–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veiersted KB, Westgaard RH, Andersen P. Electromyographic evaluation of muscular work pattern as a predictor of trapezius myalgia. Scand J Environ Health 1993;19:284–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travell JG, Rinzler S, Herman M. Pain and disability of the shoulder and arm. JAMA 1942;120:417–22.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen MJ. Psychophysiological studies of headache: Is there similarity between migraine and muscle contraction headaches? Headaches 1978;18:189–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt RF, Kniffki K-D, Schomburg ED. Bauer H, Koella WP, Struppler H, editors. Therapie der spastic. München: Verlag for angewandte wissenschaft; 1981; Der Einfluss kleinkalibriger Muskelafferenzen auf den Muskeltonus. 71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson H, Sojka P. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in genesis and spread of muscular tension in occupational muscle pain and in chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes: a hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 1991;35:196–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund JP, Widmer CG, Schwartz G. van Steen-berghe D, De Laat A, editors. EMG of jaw reflexes in man. What is the link between myofascial pain and dysfunction Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1989:427–44.
   Google Scholar
• Westberg KG, Clavelou P, Schwartz G, Lund JP. Effects of chemical stimulation of masseter muscle nociceptors on trigeminal motoneuron and interneuron activities during fictive mastication in the rabbit. Pain 1997;73:295–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matre DA, Sinkjaer T, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimental muscle pain increases the human stretch reflex. Pain 1998;75:331–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, De Laat A, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimental jaw-muscle pain does not change heteronymous H-reflexes in the human temporalis muscle. Exp Brain Res 1998;121:311–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Miles TS, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Inhibitory effects of tonic jaw-muscle pain on stretch reflexes in single motor unit recordings. 9th World Congress on Pain, Vienna, Austria. Seattle: IASP Press 1999;538.
   Google Scholar
• Wang K, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Facili-tatory effects of tonic jaw-muscle pain on stretch reflexes in surface EMG recordings. [Abstract] 9th World Congress on Pain, Vienna, Austria 1999;538.
   Google Scholar
• Wang K, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Modulation of exteroceptive suppression periods in human jaw-closing muscles by local and remote experimental muscle pain. Pain 1999;82:253–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar