The Effect of Intensive Group Exercise in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

REFERENCES

• Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine 1987;12:632–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine 1997;18:2128–56.
   Google Scholar
• Koes BW, Bouter LM, van der Heijden GJMG. Methodological quality of randomised clinical trials on treatment efficacy in low back pain. Spine 1995;20:228–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost H, Moffett JK. Physiotherapy management of chronic low back pain. Physiotherapy 1992;78:751–4.
   Google Scholar
• Manniche C. Clinical benefit of intensive dynamic exercise for low back pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996;6:82–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biering-Sørensen F. Physical measurements as risk indicators for low-back trouble over a one-year period. Spine 1984;9:106–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer TG, Gatchel R. Functional restoration for spinal disorders: the sports medicine approach. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Harper AC, Harper DA, Lambert LJ, et al. Smp-toms of impairment, disability and handicap in low back pain: a taxonomy. Pain 1992;50:189–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost H, Moffett JAK, Moser JS, Fairbank JCT. Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain. BMJ 1995;310:151–4.
   Google Scholar
• Manniche C, Asmussen K, Lauritsen B, et al. Intensive dynamic back exercises with or without hyperextension in chronic back pain after surgery for lumbar disc protrusion. Spine 1993;18:560–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BøK, Kamhaug EL. Gymnastikk i Tiden. (Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiores-piratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jun;30:975–91. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Grønningsæter H, Hytten K, Skauli G, Chris-tensen CC, Ursin H. Improved health and coping by physical exercise or cognitive behavioural stress management training in a work environment. Psy-chol Health 1992;7:147–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leren P, Askevold EM, Foss OP, Frøili A, Grymyr D, Helgeland A, et al. The Oslo study. Cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and young Oslo men. Acta Med Scand 1975;588 Suppl:1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas JR, Nelson JK. Research methods in physical activity. 2nd ed. Illinois: Human Kinetics Books, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson A. Stretching the truth. A review of the literature on muscle stretching. Austral Physio-ther 1992;38:283–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Main CJ. The Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ). J Psychosom Res 1983;27:503–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revill SI, Robinson JO, Rosen M, Hogg MIJ. The reliability of a linear analogue for evaluating pain. Anaesthesia 1976;31:1191–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker DJ, Pynsent PB, Fairbank CT. The Os-westry Disability Index revisited: its reliability, repeatability and validity, and a comparison with the St Thomas’s Disability Index. In: Roland MO, Jenner JR, editors. Back pain. New approaches to rehabilitation and education. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990:174–86.
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GK, Nicassio PM. Development of a questionnaire for the assessment of active and passive coping strategies in chronic pain patients. Pain 1987;31:53–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åstrand P-O, Rodahl K. Textbook of work physiology. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Beimborn DS, Morrissey MC. A review of the literature related to trunk muscle performance. Spine 1988;13:655–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyytiäinen K, Salminen JJ, Suvitie T, Wick-ström G, Pentti J. Reproducibility of nine tests to measure spinal mobility and trunk muscle strength. Scand J Rehab Med 1991;23:3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pettersen T. Måling av bevegelighet hos elever i grunnskolen. En undersøkelse som også omfatter utviklingen av et apparat til måling av bevegelighet i hofteleddet. (Norwegian). MSci Theses, Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• BøK, Hilde G, Storheim K. Intra- and interobserver reproducibillity of Cybex EDI 320 measuring spinal mobility. Scan J Med Sci Sports 1997;7:140–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICIDH-2. Beta-1 draft for field trials. Genova: WHO, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson JI, Rogers MA. Adherence to exercise programmes. Sports Med 1994;17:39– 52.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, et al. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy or placebo-control treatment of low-back pain. A randomised observer-blind trial. Spine 1993;18:98–106.
   Google Scholar
• Johannsen F, Remvig L, Kryger P, et al. Exercises for chronic low back pain: a clinical trial. JOSPT 1995;22:52–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin PR, Rose MJ, Nichols PJR, Russell PL, Hughes IG. Physiotherapy exercises for low back pain: process and clinical outcome. Int Rehabil Med 1986;8:34–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kellett KM, Kellett DA, Nordholm LA. Effects of an exercise program on sick leave due to back pain. Phys Ther 1991;71:283–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milburn S, Butts NK. A comparison of the training responses to aerobic dance and jogging in college females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983;15:510–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuade KJ, Turner JA, Buchner D. Physical fitness and chronic low back pain. An analysis of the relationships among fitness, functional limitations and depression. Clin Orth Rel Res 1988;233:198–204.
   Google Scholar
• Delitto A. Are measures of function and disability important in low back care? Phys Ther 1994;74:452–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainville J, Ahern D, Phalen L, Childs L, Sutherland R. The association of pain with physical activities in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992;17:1060–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main CJ. A fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain 1993;52:157–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer WO, LeBlanc FE, Dupuis M, et al. Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders. Report of the Quebec Task Force on spinal disorders. Spine 1987;12 Suppl 7S:1–59.
   Google Scholar
• Lønn JH, Glomsrød B, Soukup MG, Bø K, Larsen S. Active back school: prophylactic management for low back pain. A randomized, controlled, 1-year follow-up study. Spine 1999;24:865–71.
   Google Scholar
• Soukup MG, Glomsrød B, Lønn JH, Bø K, Larsen S. The effect of a Mensendieck exercise program as secondary prophylaxis for reccurent LBP: a randomized controlled trial with 12 months follow up. Spine 1999;24:1585–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Waddell G. A comparison of cognitive measures in low back pain: statistical structur and clinical validity at initial assessment. Pain 1991;46:287–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan WP. Physical activity, fitness and depression. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness and health. Leeds: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994: 851– 67.
   Google Scholar