References
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
- Altuntaş, S., Șahin Altun, Ö., & Çevik Akyil, R. (2014). The nurses’ form of organizational communication: What is the role of gossip? Contemporary Nurse, 48(1), 109–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2014.11081932
- Ata, A., Bastian, B., & Lusher, D. (2009). Intergroup contact in context: The mediating role of social norms and group-based perceptions on the contact-prejudice link. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(6), 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.05.001
- Beersma, B., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). How the grapevine keeps you in line: Gossip increases contributions to the group. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 2(6), 642–649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550611405073
- Booysen, L. (2007). Societal power shifts and changing social identities in South Africa: Workplace implications. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 10(1), 1–20.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., Cohen, R. R., Pugh, S. D., & Vaslow, J. B. (2000). Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81(1), 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2867
- Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods (2nd edn.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cairns, E., Kenworthy, J., Campbell, A., & Hewstone, M. (2006). The role of in-group identification, religious group membership and intergroup conflict in moderating in-group and out-group affect. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(4), 701–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466605X69850
- Carrim, N. M. H. (2012). ‘Who am I?’ South African Indian women managers’ struggle for identity: Escaping the ubiquitous cage (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
- Chew, P. K. (2010). Seeing subtle racism. Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, 6, 183–184.
- Cole, J. M., & Scrivener, H. (2013). Short term effects of gossip behavior on self-esteem. Current Psychology (New Brunswick), 32(3), 252–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-013-9176-3
- Das, V. (2007). Life and words: Violence and the descent into the ordinary. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- De Backer, C. (2005). Like Belgian chocolate for the universal mind. Interpersonal and media gossip from an evolutionary perspective (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ghent University, Belgium.
- Deitch, E. A., Barsky, A., Butz, R. M., Chan, S., Brief, A.P., & Bradley, J. C. (2003). Subtle yet significant: The existence and impact of everyday racial discrimination in the workplace. Human Relations, 56(11), 1299–1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00187267035611002
- Department of Labour. (2014). 14th CEE Annual Report, 2014–2015. Retrieved from www.labour.gov.za.
- Dixon, J., Tropp, L. R., Durrheim, K., & Tredoux, C. (2010). “Let them eat harmony". Prejudice-reduction strategies and attitudes of historically disadvantaged groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721410363366
- Duckitt, J., Callaghan, J., & Wagner, C. (2005). Group identification and outgroup attitudes in four South African ethnic groups: A multidimensional approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(5), 633–646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271576
- Durrheim, K., Mtose, X., & Brown, L. (2011). Race trouble: Race, identity and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
- Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X109.3.573
- Ellwardt, L., Labianca, G. J., & Wittek, R. (2012). Who are the objects of positive and negative gossip at work? A social network perspective on workplace gossip. Social Networks, 34(2), 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2011.11.003
- Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism. Newbury Park: Sage.
- Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684311414832
- Grosser, T. J., Lopez-Kidwell, V., & Labianca, G. (2010). A social network analysis of positive and negative gossip in organizational life. Group & Organization Management, 35(2), 177–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601109360391
- Grosser, T. J., Lopez-Kidwell, V., Labianca, G. J., & Ellwardt, L. (2012). Hearing it through the grapevine: Positive and negative workplace gossip. Organizational Dynamics, 41(1), 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.12.007
- Hafen, S. (2004). Organizational gossip: A revolving door of regulation and resistance. Southern Journal of Communication, 69(3), 223–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10417940409373294
- Herriman, N. (2010). The great rumor mill: Gossip, mass media, and the ninja fear. The Journal of Asian Studies, 69(03), 723–748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810001488
- Hess, N. H., & Hagen, E. H. (2006). Sex differences in informational aggression. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(3), 231–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.11.001
- Isaac, K. M. (2012). Managing employment equity in higher education in South Africa (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Pretoria, South Africa.
- Jandt, F. E. (2010). An introduction to intercultural communication. Identities in a global community (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Kieffer, C. C. (2013). Rumors and gossip as forms of bullying: Sticks and stones? Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33(2), 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2013.764697
- Kniffin, K. M., & Wilson, D. S. (2005). Utilities of gossip across organizational levels. Human Nature (Hawthorne), 16(3), 278–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-005-1011-6
- Kniffin, K. M., & Sloan Wilson, D. (2010). Evolutionary perspectives on workplace gossip: Why and how gossip can serve groups?. Group & Organization Management, 35(2), 150–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601109360390
- Kurland, N. B., & Pelled, L. H. (2000). Passing the word: Toward a model of gossip and power in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 428–438.
- Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research. Planning and design (8th edn.). Saddle River: Pearson Education.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
- Low, K. S., Radhakrishnan, P., Schneider, K. T., & Rounds, J. (2007). The experiences of bystanders of workplace ethnic harassment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(10), 2261–2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00258.x
- Mensele, C., Nel, K., Nel, E. C., & Louw, L. A. (2015). Stereotypical attitudes amongst black students at a rural historically black South African university. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(5), 477–481.
- Matsueda, R. L., & Drakulich, K. (2009). Perceptions of criminal injustice, symbolic racism, and racial politics. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(1), 163–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716208330500
- McAndrew, F. T., Bell, E. K., & Garcia, C. M. (2007). Who do we tell and whom do we tell on? Gossip as a strategy for status enhancement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(7), 1562–1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00227.x
- Michelson, G., Van Iterson, A., & Waddington, K. (2010). Gossip in organizations: Contexts, consequences, and controversies. Group & Organization Management, 35(4), 371–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601109360389
- Nieuwenhuis, J. (2007). Introducing qualitative research. In K. Maree (Ed.), First steps in research (pp. 100–121). Hatfield: Van Schaik.
- Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009). The nature of contemporary prejudice: Insights from aversive racism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(3), 314–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00183.x
- Petersen, C., Venter, C., & Botha, K. (2011). Exploring young black persons’ narratives about the apartheid past. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 21(1), 79–90.
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. The Journal of Social Issues, 43(1), 41–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1987.tb02330.x
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
- Ramsay, E. (2007). Between non-racialism and multiculturalism: Indian identity and nation building in South Africa. Economische en Sociale Geografie, 98(4), 468–481.
- Reynolds, K., & Turner, J. (2001). Prejudice as a group process: The role of social identity. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social conflict (pp. 159–178). London: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446218877.n10
- Senne, M. Y. (2013). Individual and organisational barriers to gender equity: A comparative study of two South African universities ( Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Shallcross, L., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2010). A proactive response to the mobbing problem: A guide for HR managers. New Zealand Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(1), 27–37.
- Shallcross, L., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2011). The power of malicious gossip. Australian Journal of Communication, 38(1), 45–68.
- Smith, E. R. (2014). Evil acts and malicious gossip: A multiagent model of the effects of gossip in socially distributed person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(4), 311–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868314530515
- Sommerfeld, R. D., Krambeck, H., Semmann, D., & Milinski, M. (2007). Gossip as an alternative for direct observation in games of indirect reciprocity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(44), 17435–17440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704598104
- South Africa. (1998). Employment Equity Act, No 55 of 1998. Retrieved on 29 January 2016 from: www.hpcsa.co.za/hpcsa/…/EMPLOYMENT20EQUITY20ACT.pdf
- Turcotte, D. (2012). Gossip and the group: A self-categorization perspective ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Claremont Graduate University, California.
- Vallas, S. P. (2003). Rediscovering the colour line within work organizations. The knitting of racial groups revisited. Work and Occupations, 30(4), 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888403256454
- Van Iterson, A., & Clegg, S. (2008). The politics of gossip and denial in interorganizational relations. Human Relations, 61(8), 1117–1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094862
- Vermeulen, J., Venter, C. A., Temane, Q. M., & van der Merwe, E. J. (2009). A group of black South Africans’ experience of telling their untold stories about the apartheid era. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 19(4), 557–560.
- Waddington, K., & Fletcher, C. (2005). Gossip and emotion in nursing and health-care organizations. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 19(4/5), 378–394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777260510615404
- Waddington, K., & Michelson, G. (2007). Analysing gossip to reveal and understand power relationships, political action and reaction to change inside organisations. Proceedings of the 8thInternational Conference in Critical Management Studies, Manchester, 11–13 July. Manchester: Manchester Business School.