References
- Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. (2003). The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: Evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129(6), 887–913. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 PMID:14599287
- Amankwaa, L. (2016). Creating protocols for trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 23(3), 121–127. PMID:29694754
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
- Ardington, C., & Case, A. (2010). Interactions between mental health and socioeconomic status in the South African National Income Dynamics Study. Tydskrif vir Studies in Ekonomie en Ekonometrie, 34(3), 69–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2010.12097210 PMID:21915159
- Beckett, J. (2018, June 9). Father of Stanton who was shot in the head in Westbury speaks. Soweto Urban. https://sowetourban.co.za/48853/video-father-stanton-shot-head-westbury-speaks/
- Berghs, M. (2017). Practices and discourses of ubuntu: Implications for an African model of disability? African Journal of Disability, 6; 292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v6i0.292 PMID:28730067
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Burke, A. (2017). Abnormal psychology: A South African perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Cheteni, P., Mah, G., & Yohane, Y. K. (2018). Drug-related cand poverty in South Africa. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1): 1534528. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1534528
- Clark, C., Ryan, L., Kawachi, I., Canner, M. J., Berkman, L., & Wright, R. J. (2008). Witnessing community violence in residential neighbourhoods: A mental health hazard for urban women. Journal of Urban Health, 85(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9229-8 PMID:17965940
- Cuadros, D. F., Tomita, A., Vandormael, A., Slotow, R., Burns, J. K., & Tanser, F. (2019). Spatial structure of depression in South Africa: A longitudinal panel survey of a nationally representative sample of households. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 979. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37791-1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37791-1
- DeCou, C. R., & Lynch, S. M. (2017). Assessing adult exposure to community violence: A review of definitions and measures. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 18(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015590590 PMID:26206794
- Dubé, C., Gagné, M.-H., Clément, M.-È., & Chamberland, C. (2018). Community violence and associated psychological problems among adolescents in the general population. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(4), 411–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0218-8 PMID:30546818
- Dowrick, C., Kokanovic, R., Hegarty, K., Griffiths, F., & Gunn, J. (2008). Resilience and depression: Perspectives from primary care. Health, 12(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459308094419 PMID:18818274
- Dunn, J. (2009). Testing the social risk hypothesis model of depression [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of Alberta. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/cf3f1b73-7146-42f2-aca1-91c168614e1f
- Egbe, C. O., Brooke-Sumner, C., Kathree, T., Selohilwe, O., Thornicroft, G., & Petersen, I. (2014). Psychiatric stigma and discrimination in South Africa: Perspectives from key stakeholders. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1): 191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-191 PMID:24996420
- Evans, S. (2018, October 2). Westbury: Under siege from drug lords and police. News24. Retrieved from https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/westbury-under-siege-from-drug-lords-and-police-20181001
- Halim, M. (2018). The Westbury community archive: Claiming the past, defining the present towards a better future. Education as Change, 22(2), 1–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/3709
- Hagen, E. H., & Syme, K. L. (2021). Credible sadness, coercive sadness: Depression as a functional response to adversity and strife. Oxford Handbook of Evolution and the Emotions.
- Hassanzadeh, A., Heidari, Z., Feizi, A., Hassanzadeh Keshteli, A., Roohafza, H., Afshar, H., & Adibi, P. (2017). Association of stressful life events with psychological problems: A large-scale community-based study using grouped outcomes latent factor regression with latent predictors. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2017: 3457103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29312459/ doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3457103
- Healy-Clancy, M. (2017). Women and apartheid. Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of African History. Oxford University., https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.184
- Hochfeld, T. (2015). Cash, care, and social justice: A study of the child support grant [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of the Witwatersrand]. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19587
- Hunter, D., McCallum, J., & Howes, D. (2019). Defining Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative (EDQ) research and considering its application to healthcare. Retrieved from https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/defining-exploratory-descriptive-qualitative-edq-research-and-con
- Jackson, P. B., Williams, D. R., Stein, D. J., Herman, A., Williams, S. L., & Redmond, D. L. (2010). Race and psychological distress: The South african stress and health study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(4), 458–477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510386795 PMID:21131621
- Joshi, S., Mooney, S. J., Rundle, A. G., Quinn, J. W., Beard, J. R., & Cerdá, M. (2017). Pathways from neighborhood poverty to depression among older adults. Health & Place, 43, 138–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.12.003 PMID:28049071
- Landstedt, E., & Almquist, Y. B. (2019). Intergenerational patterns of mental health problems: The role of childhood peer status position. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1): 286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2278-1 PMID:31533680
- Lund, C. (2012). Poverty and mental health: A review of practice and policies. Neuropsychiatry, 2, 213–219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2217/npy.12.24
- Marchand, A., Drapeau, A., & Beaulieu-Prévost, D. (2012). Psychological distress in Canada: The role of employment and reasons of non-employment. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(6), 596–604. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011418404 PMID:21873292
- Mathews, S., & Gould, C. (2017). Preventing violence: From evidence to implementation. In L. Jamieson, L. Berry, & L. Lake (Eds.), South African Child Gauge 2017 (pp. 61–67). Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.
- Meffert, S. M., McCulloch, C. E., Neylan, T. C., Gandhi, M., & Lund, C. (2015). Increase of perceived frequency of neighborhood domestic violence is associated with increase of women’s depression symptoms in a nationally representative longitudinal study in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 131, 89–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.008 PMID:25769107
- Mertens, D. M. (2015). Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology. SAGE Publications.
- Moodley, J. (2014). Women’s mental health: Coping mechanisms in the context of poverty. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(3), 264–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.906078
- Mungai, K., & Bayat, A. (2018). High-functioning depression among women in South Africa: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(5), 411–415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1523312
- Narainsamy, J., Chipps, J., & Cassim, B. (2015). Depressive symptoms in community-dwelling persons aged ≥60 years in Inanda, Ntuzuma and KwaMashu in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 21(1), 13-18. http://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10566/2834 doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i1.576
- Okafor, C. N., Barnett, W., Zar, H. J., Nhapi, R., Koen, N., Shoptaw, S., & Stein, D. J. (2018). Associations of emotional, physical, or sexual intimate partner violence and depression symptoms among South African women in a prospective cohort study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36, NP5060-NP5083. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30160637/
- Robson, D. (2017). How East and West think in profoundly different ways. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170118-how-east-and-west-think-in-profoundly-different-ways
- Romero-Acosta, K., Gómez-de-Regil, L., Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G. E., & Gibson, R. C. (2021). Parenting Styles, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Child/Adolescent. International Journal of Psychological Research, 14(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4704
- Ross, E., Patel, L., Sitshange, M., & Matidza, K. (2020). Connecting cash with care for better child well-being. Centre for Social Development in Africa (CSDA), University of Johannesburg.
- Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., Cornwell, E. Y., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., … & Koushede, V. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): A longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e62-e70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0
- Scott, V., Schaay, N., Schneider, H., & Sanders, D. (2017). Addressing social determinants of health in South Africa: The journey continues. South African Health Review, 2017(1), 77–87.
- Stansfeld, S. A., Rothon, C., Das-Munshi, J., Mathews, C., Adams, A., Clark, C., & Lund, C. (2017). Exposure to violence and mental health of adolescents: South African Health and Well-being Study. BMJ Psych Open, 3(5), 257–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.117.004861 PMID:29093828
- Steptoe, A., Tsuda, A., & Tanaka, Y. (2007). Depressive symptoms, socio-economic background, sense of control, and cultural factors in university students from 23 countries. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14(2), 97-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03004175
- Swartz, L., Kilian, S., Twesigye, J., Attah, D., & Chiliza, B. (2014). Language, culture, and task shifting—An emerging challenge for global mental health. Global Health Action, 7(1): 23433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23433 PMID:24581319
- Velez-Gomez, P., Restrepo-Ochoa, D. A., Berbesi-Fernandez, D., & Trejos-Castillo, E. (2013). Depression and neighborhood violence among children and early adolescents in Medellin, Colombia. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, E64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.71 PMID:24230927
- Viertiö, S., Kiviruusu, O., Piirtola, M., Kaprio, J., Korhonen, T., Marttunen, M., & Suvisaari, J. (2021). Factors contributing to psychological distress in the working population, with a special reference to gender difference. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10560-y
- Walling, S. M., Eriksson, C. B., Putman, K. M., & Foy, D. W. (2011). Community violence exposure, adverse childhood experiences, and posttraumatic distress among urban development workers. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020566
- World Health Organization. (2020). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression