Sense of belonging and academic persistence among undergraduate university students: The chain mediation effect of emotional and academic adjustment

References

• Adams, S. (2017). Adjustment to university: Investigating the effect of emotional-cognitive predictors on students’ transition to higher education [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. University of Chester. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620958
   Google Scholar
• Arjun, A., & Dakshinamurthy, R. (2022). Emotional adjustment among adolescents, Kerala, India. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(5), 5009–5016.
   Google Scholar
• Aslantürk, H., & Mavili, A. (2020). The sense of family belonging in university students from a single parent family compared with those from a two-biological-parent family. Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 39, 2026–2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00725-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1984). Measuring adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1999). Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire: Manual. Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. Y., Cornell, N., Tevlin, J. M., Williams, D., & Mulvaney, T. (2022). Inclusion, diversity belonging, equity, and accessibility principles on college campuses: How faculty and staff can create a culture of empowerment for student success. In A. El-Amin (Eds.). Implementing diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging management in organizational change initiatives (pp. 202–215). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4023-0.ch011
   Google Scholar
• Cazan, A. M., Stan, M. M., Clinciu, A. L., Truţa, C., & Maican, C. I. (2023). Validation study for the Academic Maladjustment Questionnaire on a Romanian sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 14: 1275939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1275939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, J., Allen, K. A., Sanders, T., Baumeister, R., Parker, P., Saunders, C., & Tice, D. (2023). Sense of belonging in higher education students: An Australian longitudinal study from 2013 to 2019. Studies in Higher Education, 1–15. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2238006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, W. B., Beck, H. P., & Milligan, M. (2009). The College Persistence Questionnaire: Development and validation of an instrument that predicts student attrition. Journal of College Student Development, 50(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demming, C. L., Jahn, S., & Boztuğ, Y. (2017). Conducting mediation analysis in marketing research. Marketing: ZFP– Journal of Research and Management, 39(3), 76–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26426855
   Google Scholar
• Dlamini, B. I., Tom, R. F., Nel, K. A., & Zogli, L. K. J. (2020). Adjustment experiences of first-year students in South Africa. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 24(2), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Dost, G., & Mazzoli Smith, L. (2023). Understanding higher education students’ sense of belonging: A qualitative metaethnographic analysis. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47, 822–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2023.2191176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enguídanos, D., Aroztegui, J., Iglesias-Soilán, M., Sánchez-San-José, I., & Fernández, J. (2023). Academic emotions and regulation strategies: Interaction with higher education dropout ideation. Education Sciences, 13(11): 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdes, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. (1994). Emotional, social, and academic adjustment of college students: A longitudinal study of retention. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb00935.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillen-O’Neel, C. (2021). Sense of belonging and student engagement: A daily study of first and continuinggeneration college students. Research in Higher Education, 62(1), 45–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-019-09570-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökmen, A. (2018). Exploring the association between school belonging and emotional health among adolescents. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 7(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2018.3117
   Google Scholar
• Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30, 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<79::AIDPITS2310300113>3.0.CO;2-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalan, M., Linden-Carmichael, A., & Lanza, S. (2021). College students’ sense of belonging and mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(2), 228-233. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X21005036 doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmette, M., Mulvihill, K., Villemaire-Krajden, R., & Barker, E. T. (2019). Past and present participation in extracurricular activities is associated with adaptive self-regulation of goals, academic success, and emotional well-being among university students. Learning and Individual Differences, 73, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanks, C. E. (2018). Relationship between extracurricular activity involvement and student success among high school students in accelerated academic curricula [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. University of South Florida. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/relationship-betweenextracurricular-activity/docview/2094759564/se-2
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. J., Palakal, M. J., & White, L. J. (2023). The importance of STEM sense of belonging and academic hope in enhancing persistence for low-income, underrepresented STEM students. Journal for STEM Education Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-023-00096-8
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, M., Fang, S., Malik, A. A., Lak, T. A., & Rizwan, M. (2023). Impact of perceived social support and psychological capital on university students’ academic success: Testing the role of academic adjustment as a moderator. BMC Psychology, 11(1): 340. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01385-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hausmann, L. R. M., Ye, F., Schofield, J. W., & Woods, R. L. (2009). Sense of belonging and persistence in White and African American first-year students. Research in Higher Education, 50, 649–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-009-9137-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann, L. R., Schofield, J. W., & Woods, R. L. (2007). Sense of belonging as a predictor of intentions to persist among African American and White first year college students. Research in Higher Education, 48, 803–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-007-9052-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan Liran, B., & Miller, P. (2019). The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlatshwayo, M. N. (2020). Being Black in South African higher education: An intersectional insight. Acta Academica, 52(2), 163–180. https://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/aa/article/view/4284
   Google Scholar
• Höhne, E., & Zander, L. (2019). Belonging uncertainty as predictor of dropout intentions among first-semester students of the computer sciences. The Journal of Educational Research, 22(5), 1099–1119.
   Google Scholar
• Hood, B., Jelbert, S., & Santos, L. R. (2021). Benefits of a psychoeducational happiness course on university student mental well-being both before and during a COVID-19 lockdown. Health Psychology Open, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102921999291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A., & El Zaatari, W. (2020). The teacher–student relationship and adolescents’ sense of school belonging. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1660998
   Google Scholar
• Jain, V., & Sharma, A. (2022). College sense of belongingness and adjustment of undergraduate students in Covid-19. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 10(4), 2046–2076.
   Google Scholar
• Le Roux, A., & Groenewald, E. (2021). The elusiveness of a sense of place-belonging: One student’s struggle on a diverse South African campus. Issues in Educational Research, 31(3), 854–870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelmeier, J., Rienties, B., Rogaten, J., Gunter, A., & Raghuram, P. (2019). Internationalisation at a distance and at home: Academic and social adjustment in a South African distance learning context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 72, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mtshweni, B. V. (2022a). Covid-19: Exposing unmatched historical disparities in the South African institutions of higher learning. South African Journal of Higher Education, 36(1), 234–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mtshweni, B. V. (2022b). The effect of psychosocial factors on the academic persistence of undergraduate university students [Doctoral dissertation]. University of South Africa. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30369
   Google Scholar
• Mugume, T. (2023). Students’ sense of belonging at a South African university during COVID-19. Perspectives in Education, 41(1), 56–73. doi: 10.38140/pie.v41i1.6649
   Google Scholar
• Nel, K., Govender, S., & Tom, R. (2016). The social and academic adjustment experiences of first-year students at a historically disadvantaged peri-urban university in South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26(4), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2016.1208960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyamayaro, P. C., & Saravanan, C. (2013). The relationship between adjustment and negative emotional states among first year medical students. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 270–278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273521469_THE_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_ADJUSTMENT_AND_NEGATIVE_EMOTIONAL_STATES_AMONG_FIRST_YEAR_MEDICAL_STUDENTS
   Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe, P. (2013). A sense of belonging: Improving student retention. College Student Journal, 47(4), 605–613.
   Google Scholar
• Obi, I. E. (2012). Academic adjustment amongst first year undergraduate students at Anambra State University, Uli, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Research, 9(3), 49–56. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/view/80968
   Google Scholar
• Önemli, M., & Yöndem, Z. D. (2012). The effect of psychoeducational group training depending on self regulation on students’ motivational strategies and academic achievement. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(1), 67–73.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrove, J. M., & Long, S. M. (2007). Social class and belonging: Implications for college adjustment. Review of Higher Education, 30, 363–389. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2007.0028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otu, M. N., & Mkhize, Z. (2018). Understanding black African student attrition in the context of transformation in South African higher education institutions. Journal of African Foreign Affairs, 5(1), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.31920/2056-5658/2018/v5n1a8
   Google Scholar
• Pedler, M. L., Willis, R., & Nieuwoudt, J. E. (2022). A sense of belonging at university: Student retention, motivation and enjoyment. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 46(3), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1955844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, A. J., & Sumathi, C. (2015). A study of emotional and academic achievement among selected high school students in Coimbatore district. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 3(3), 50–54. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-STUDY-OF-EMOTIONAL-ADJUSTMENT-ANDACADEMIC-AMONG-Richard-Sumathi/01268b7852b6f82b62a3efeebb7b760e6943b741
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez, B., Colón, Y., & Esparza, P. (2005). The role of sense of school belonging and gender in the academic adjustment of Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6), 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-8950-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekar, J., & Lawrence, A. S. (2016). Emotional, social, educational adjustment of higher secondary school students in relation to academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 10(1), 29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Shaulskiy, S. L. (2016). Belonging beyond the classroom: Examining the importance of college students’ sense of belonging to student organizations for student success [Doctoral dissertation]. The Ohio State University. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1478522948950651
   Google Scholar
• Silinda, F. T. (2018). Academic persistence for undergraduate students in South Africa [Doctoral dissertation]. University of South Africa. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/27382
   Google Scholar
• Sithaldeen, R., Phetlhu, O., Kokolo, B., & August, L. (2022). Student sense of belonging and its impacts on help-seeking behaviour. South African Journal of Higher Education, 36(6), 67–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria, K. M., & Stebleton, M. J. (2013). Social captal, academic engagement, and sense of belonging among working-class college students. The College Student Affairs Journal, 31, 139–153.
   Google Scholar
• Strayhorn, T. L. (2012). College students’ sense of belonging: A key to educational success for all students. Routledge, Taylor & Francis group.
   Google Scholar
• Strayhorn, T. L. (2019). College students’ sense of belonging: A key to educational success for all students (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Strayhorn, T. L. (2020). Sense of belonging predicts persistence intentions among diverse dental education students: A multiinstitutional investigation. Journal of Dental Education, 84, 1136–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamannaeifar, M., & Rezaei, H. (2020). Predicting academic adjustment based on personality traits and psychological capital. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.8.1.29
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, L., Herbert, J., & Teras, M. (2014). A sense of belonging to enhance participation, success and retention in online programs. The International Journal of the First Year in Higher Education, 5(2), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.5204/intjfyhe.v5i2.233
   Google Scholar
• Tinto, V. (2017). Reflections on student persistence. Student Success, 8(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5204/ssj.v8i2.376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofighi, D., & Kelley, K. (2020). Indirect effects in sequential mediation models: Evaluating methods for hypothesis testing and confidence interval formation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 55(2), 188–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1618545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gijn-Grosvenor, E. L., & Huisman, P. (2020). A sense of belonging among Australian university students. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(2), 376–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1666256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooij, E. M., Jansen, E. P., & Van de Grift, W. J. (2018). Firstyear university students’ academic success: The importance of academic adjustment. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 33(4), 749–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-017-0347-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zyl, A. 2010. The predictive value of pre-entry attributes for student academic performance in the South African context [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Johannesburg. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5081
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, S. (2021). Fostering sense of belonging at universities. European Journal of Education, 56, 93–97. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111ejed.12439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier, M., & Meneses, J. (2022). Persistence and time challenges in an open online university: A case study of the experiences of first-year learners. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00338-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim, H. H., Zimmermann, J., & Jonkmann, K. (2021). The importance of a sense of university belonging for the psychological and academic adaptation of international students in Germany. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 53(1–2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumbrunn, S., McKim, C., Buhs, E., & Hawley, L. R. (2014). Support, belonging, motivation and engagement in the college classroom: A mixed method study. Instructional Science, 42, 661–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-014-9310-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar