REFERENCES
- Two documents in the P. Chabas Artist Archives, Thomas J. Watson Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, indicate that the model he used was forty-one-years old at the outbreak of World War II. This would mean that she was eleven-years old in 1909 when Chabas began to paint her, which is corroborated by the Musée d'Orsay's documentation on Chabas.
- ‘Art, September Morn, Lady of the Lake’, Time, 2 September 1957, 56.
- The Société des Artistes Françaises Peinture années d'expositions no. 1671 reveals that, by 1897, Chabas had attained sufficient Salon awards to achieve the status of ‘hors concour’. Literally translated as ‘above and beyond competition’, this meant that Chabas did not need to submit his painting to the Salon jury by 1 March but by 15 March, in time for it to be hung for the traditional Salon opening on 1 May.
- Only jury members and fellow Sociétaires who were ‘hors concour’ could vote on the Médaille d'honneur. Each year the voting took place around 20 May; held in three rounds, the majority had to be achieved in the final round. For more information, see Fae Brauer, Modern Art's Centre: The Paris Salons and the French Civilising Mission (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010).
- Thiébault-Sisson, ‘La vie artistique: Les Salons de 1912, Salon des artistes Français, la peinture (suite)’, Le Temps, 3 May 1912, 4.
- R. C. Dunning, A Flatterer of Women: Chabas with His Trick of Catching the Evanescent Charm of a Woman and of Etherealising the Nude, Is a Subtle Flatterer in Paint (located in P. Chabas Archives, Thomas J. Watson Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art).
- ‘“September Morn”: Cloudy in Philly, Clearing at the Met’, New York Post, 28 August 1957, 12.
- ‘Art, September Morn, Lady of the Lake’, Time, 2 September 1957, 56–7.
- Ibid.
- See note 7.
- ‘Famed September Morn: Musical Comedy of the Same Name Opening Late 1913 in Chicago’, Chicago InterOcean, 22 September 1913.
- See note 8.
- The only painting Renard exhibited at this Salon, it was listed as number 1570 in the 1911 Catalogue du Salon de la Société des Artistes Français.
- David Marr, The Henson Case (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2008).
- ‘Victory for Decency as Police Close Gallery, Child Porn “Art” Raid’, Daily Telegraph, 23 May 2008, 1–3.
- While not aired in Australia, it is interesting to note a 1999 Calvin Klein children's underwear advertisement. With the tagline ‘peek-a-boo I can see your undies’, the ad showed children looking inside each other's underwear, causing one writer to ask if it was ‘Kiddie pants or Kiddie porn?’ Manhattan figures ranging from New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani to Rev. Donald Wildmon denounced these advertisements for providing fodder for paedophiles. On first television screening, the American Family Association pressured department stores to cancel their orders from Calvin Klein.
- David Marr, The Henson Case.
- ‘Victory for Decency’, 1.
- James R. Kincaid, Erotic Innocence: The Culture of Child Molesting (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 12.
- Ibid.
- In ‘The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon’, Pall Mall Gazette (1885), William Stead reported having procured thirteen-year olds for five pounds. His series of articles revealing the cult of the innocent girl-child and documenting child prostitution led to the 1885 Labouchère Act and Criminal Law Amendment Act that raised the age of consent from thirteen to sixteen. From 1881, Senator René Bérenger endeavoured to expose how the ‘white slave trade’ was as intensive and extensive in France as in England.
- Henry Krips, Fetish: An Erotics of Culture (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
- Robert Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 56.
- Adolphe Brisson (1860–1925) was Deputé de Paris, a member of the Conseil de Paris and President of the Chambre of Deputies from 1898. While he wrote for the newspaper, Le Temps, he was also theatre critic for Le Bien Public and Les Annales politiques et littéraires.
- Annie Stora-Lamarre, L'Enfer de la ille République: Censeurs et pornographes (1881–1914) (Paris: Éditions Imago, 1990), 76–9.
- They were posed in such a way as to expose their necks, shoulders, and breasts, but not their nipples.
- Susan Edwards, ‘Discourses of Denial and Moral Panics: The Pornographisation of the Child in Art, the Written Word, Film and Photograph’, in Behaving Badly: Social Panic and Moral Outrage, ed. Judith Rowbotham and Kim Stevenson (London: Ashgate Publishing, 2002), 177–92. See also Lisa Z. Sigel, Governing Pleasures: Pornography and Social Change in England, 1815–1914 (Toronto: Scholarly Book Services, 2002).
- Paul Ryan, The Sins of Our Fathers: A Study in Victorian Pornography (London: Erotic Print Society, 2000), 68–75.
- August Forel, The Sexual Question. A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological Study for the Cultured Classes, trans. C. F. Marshall (London: Redman, 1908), 493.
- Robert Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics, 78.
- Presented to the Chamber of Deputies on 27 April 1894, Bérenger's Bill entitled Outrages Against Good Morals was designed to address child prostitution.
- Under the 1898 Act, even Jean Richepin, whose plays were performed at the Comédie Française, was prosecuted for some of his well-known songs’ ‘obscenity’.
- See Fae Brauer, ‘L'Art révolutionnaire: The Artist as Alien: The Discourses of Cubism, Modern Painting and Academicism in the Radical Republic’ (PhD dissertation, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, 1997), especially section 5.3 (‘Pornography and Abjection, van Dongen and Priapus, Lampué and Cubism’).
- August Forel, The Sexual Question, 492.
- ‘La droite de poursuite’, L'Assiette au buerre, 1910.
- Fay Brauer, ‘L'Art révolutionnaire’, 276–95.
- When Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita was published in English (in Paris in 1955 and in New York in 1958), it generated great controversy. Narrated in the first person by middle-aged Humbert Humbert, Lolita tells of his obsession and sexual involvement with the twelve-year-old girl, Dolores Haze.
- Archives Nationales, F/21/4008.
- Albert Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child (London: George Allen, 1912).
- August Forel, The Sexual Question, 496.
- Albert Moll, Tve Sexual Life of the Child, 222.
- In The Sexual Question, Forel writes: ‘When ideas become so impregnated with eroticism that all thoughts and sentiments were colored by it—to the point that all young girls were regarded only as objects of sexual conquest—this is “the pornographic spirit”.’ 121–2.
- See Robert Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics, 143–52.
- Ibid.
- Adolphe Toulmouche, ‘Des attentats à la pudeur et du viol’, Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale (1856), 100–45; Adolphe Toulmouche, Des attentats a la pudeur: Des tentatives de viol sur des enfants ou des filles à peine nubiles et sur des adulte (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1864), 245–68.
- In a case, where a nine-year-old girl had supposedly died of repeated flogging, Toulmouche mentions how he proved that she had been raped. He also emphasised that many sexual assaults took place without leaving any trace. Hence, he concluded, ‘A legal physician should not conclude that attempted rape had not taken place, but only that the act of copulation was not entirely completed.’ Des attentats a la pudeur, 134–7.
- When Alexandre Lacassagne founded the Archives d'anthropologie criminelle et des sciences pénales, he encouraged his students to write on the child sexual assault. In 1886, he published ‘Attentats à la pudeur sur les petites filles’, in which he insisted that because a child may not reveal physical signs of abuse did not mean that it did not occur.
- Paul Brouardel, Les attentats aux mœurs (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1906).
- Ambroise Tardieu, ‘Etude médico-légale sur les sérvices et mauvais traitementes exercés sur des enfants’, Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale 13 (1860), 361–98.
- Ibid., 361–2.
- In Les attentats aux mœurs, Brouardel notes that in four cases of ‘pères excellents de familles’ there were reports of nipples being bitten off and genitals mutilated.
- Ibid., 365.
- Ambroise Tardieu, Etude médico-légale sur les attentats aux mœurs (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1857). Until 1878, six editions were published in which Tardieu drew attention to the frequency of sexual assaults on children, especially girls, by their fathers.
- In 1886, the French physician Paul Bernard pointed out ‘The number of individuals with a higher education who have been charged with sexual assaults on children has been increasing regularly up to 1880.’ Archives d'anthropologie criminelle et des sciences pénales 1 (1886), 68.
- Albert Fournier, ‘Simulation d'attentats vénériens sue de jeunes enfants’ (Address to the Academy of Medicine, Paris, 26 October 1880), Annales d'hygiène publique et de médicine légale, 3rd series, 9–10, 1883, 498–519.
- Ibid., 510.
- Ibid. To Fournier's surprise, the accused agreed to pay the money rather than be tried in court.
- Ibid., 512.
- Paul Brouardel, ‘Les causes d'erreur dans les expertises relatives aux attentats à la pudeur’, Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale, 3rd series, 10, 1883, 60–71, 148–79.
- Ibid., 63.
- Paul Brouardel, Les attentats aux mœurs.
- See Ernest Dupré, Pathologie de l'imagination et de l'émotivité (Paris: Payot, 1925).
- ‘Hysteria plays a considerable role in the genesis of these false accusations, either because of the genital hallucinations which stem from the great neurosis or because hysterics do not hesitate to invent mendacious stories with the sole purpose of attracting attention to themselves.’ Paul Brouardel, Les attentats aux mœurs, 64–5.
- Ibid., 71.
- Antonin Delcasse's Cruelty towards Children (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1885) was dedicated to Paul Brouardel, whom Delcasse said often performed autopsies of children who had died as a result of abuse, often at the hands of a parent.
- Alexandre Lacassagne, ‘Attentats à la pudeur sur les petites filles’, Archives d'anthropologie criminelle et des sciences pénales 1, 1886, 59.
- Auguste Motet, ‘Les faux témoignages des enfants devant la justice’, Annales d'hygiène publique et de médicine légale, 3rd series, 17, 1887, 485.
- Sigmund Freud, ‘Zur atiologie der Hysterie’, Wiener Klinische Rundschau 10, no. 22–6; 31 May, 7–29 June 1896; 379–81, 395–7, 413–5, 432–3, 450–2.
- Ibid., 451–2.
- Sigmund Freud, ‘Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria’ (1905). To clarify his public retraction, Freud stated at a meeting of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society on 14 January 1912: ‘Since childhood masturbation is such a general occurrence and is at the same time so poorly remembered, it must have an equivalence in psychic life. And, in fact, it is found in the fantasy encountered in most female patients—namely that the father seduced her in childhood… The grain of truth contained in this fantasy lies in the fact that the father by way of his innocent caresses in earliest childhood has actually awakened the little girl's sexuality… And thus the motifs mingle in the most successful fashion to form this fantasy, which often dominates the woman's entire life (seduction fantasy).’
- A notable exception to this theory of ‘the daughter's seduction’ was provided by Charles Sampson Féré, (1852–1907), L'Instinct sexuel: Evolution et dissolution (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1899). In Chapter 12, ‘Education et Hygiène Sexuelles’, Féré elucidates how traumas work below the surface of conscious memory.
- A. McLaren, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries 1870–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
- André Gide, Ne jugez pas: Affaire des mœurs (Paris: La Nouvelle Revue Française, 1914).
- Graham Greene, ‘Wee Willie Winkie’, Night and Day, 28 October 1937, 184–5. See also Richard Greene, Graham Greene: A Life in Letters (Montréal: Knopf Canada, 2007). In his film review of Wee Willie Winkie, Greene pointed out Temple's strange voluptuousness, sly knowingness, and coquetry, particularly her sidelong glances, which he likened to those of Marlene Dietrich. Temple's lawyers sued him for libel. At the trial, held on 22 March 1938, the Lord Chief Justice described his review as ‘a gross outrage’. Recently discovered correspondence between Greene and Alberto Cavalcanti links Greene's hurried exodus to Mexico with this controversy.
- Graham Greene, ‘Wee Willie Winkie’, 184.
- John Russell Taylor, ed. Graham Greene on Film (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), 92.
- Graham Greene, ‘Wee Willie Winkie’, 185.
- Erich Wulffen, The Sexual Criminal (London: Longmann, 1912), 624. Wülfflen illustrated visual rape with the famous case of the baths proprietor who bored a spy-hole above a wash-basin in the girls changing-cabin and who placed a sign on the top step that read: ‘Before entering the water stop here and wash the upper part of your body.’
- Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, trans. Richard Howard (London: Vintage, 2000), 59.
- Ibid.
- The girl's embarrassment may be due to knowledge of their function that denotes experience and potential if not actual corruption. In The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), Mary Poovey writes: ‘Girls were caught in an impossible paradox. They were meant to have no knowledge of sexuality. Even assaulted girls were meant to be innocent and virtuous and therefore ignorant of the language, the meaning of the sexual act and unable to articulate what had happened. If she possessed the language, this was considered a sure sign that she was depraved, untrustworthy and therefore in collusion with the act.’ 172.
- Henry Krips, Fetish: An Erotics of Culture.
- August Forel, The Sexual Question, 491. Later, Forel acknowledges the way that pornography exploits moral codes to enhance its piquancy: ‘Pornographic dishes are often served up with a sentimental and moral sauce, which naturally does not tend to hide the flavor of the meat—for then all its charm would be gone. On the contrary, it increases its spicy quality by means of contrast, at the same time making the product more marketable. This hypocritical disguise gives it a certain varnish of propriety.’ Ibid., 495.
- In 1990, following the Mapplethorpe controversy, the National Endowment for the Arts ruled that funding to any art that promoted or disseminated the exploitation of children or adults engaged in sexual acts was prohibited.
- Australia Council for the Arts, Protocols for Working with Children in Art (2008), (www.australiacouncil.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0018/44055/Children_in_art_protocols.pdf), 6.
- The catalogue from this show, which ran 6–29 May 2010, included the information, ‘Images in this exhibition have been classified as unrestricted by the Australian Government Classification Board.’
- David Marr, The Henson Case, 133.