What Labour EngendersFootnote1

1. Acknowledgements to Rena Lederman (1986) for inspiration.

: Women and Men, Time and Work in the New Guinea Highlands

References

• Arendt , H. 1998 . The Human Condition, , 2nd edn , Chicago : Chicago University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Austen , L. 1939 . ‘The seasonal gardening calendar on Kiriwina’ . Oceania , 9 : 237 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Berndt , R. M . & Lawrence , P . (eds) ( 1973 ) Politics in New Guinea , Washington University Press , Seattle .
   Google Scholar
• Bloch , M. 1977 . ‘The past and the present in the present’ . Man , 12 ( 2 ) : 278 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonte , P. (2004) Mythologies du travail . Editions L' Harmattan (Logiques sociales), Paris .
   Google Scholar
• Bourke , R. M ., Allen B. J ., Hide , R. L ., Fritsch , D ., Gran , R ., Hobsbawn , P ., Kanabe , B ., Levett , M. P ., Lyon , S . & Varvaliu , A . ( 1995 ) Southern Highlands Province: Text, Summaries, Maps, Code Lists and Village Identification , Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No. 11, Human Geography Department, The Australian National University, Canberra .
   Google Scholar
• Bowers , N. 1965 . ‘Permanent bachelorhood in the upper Kaugel valley of highland New Guinea’ . Oceania , 361 ( 1 ) : 27 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlstein , T. 1982 . Time Resources, Society and Ecology , London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Damon , F. 1981 . ‘Calendars and calendrical rites on the northern side of the Kula ring’ . Oceania , 52 : 221 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Demian , M. 2000 . ‘Longing for completion: towards an aesthetics of work in Suau’ . Oceania , 71 : 94 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson , M. and Good , K. 1988 . Articulated Agricultural Development: Traditional and Capitalist Agricultures in Papua New Guinea , Aldershot : Avebury .
   Google Scholar
• Firth , R . ( 1979 ) ‘Work and value: reflections on ideas of Karl Marx’ , in Social Anthropology of Work , ed. S. Wallman , ASA Monograph No. 19 , Academic Press , London , pp. 177 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Gale , R. 1968 . The Language of Time , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gell , A. 1992 . The Anthropology of Time: Cultural Constructions of Temporal Maps and Images , Oxford : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Gewertz , D. and Errington , F. 1999 . Emerging Class in Papua New Guinea , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Godelier M . ( 1969 ) ‘La “monnaie de sel” des Baruya de Nouvelle Guinée’ (‘Salt money and the circulation of commodities among the Baruya of New Guinea’) , L'Homme , vol. 9 , pp. 5 – 37 ; in Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology, ed. M. Godelier, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977, pp. 127–51 .
   Google Scholar
• Godelier , M. 1977 . Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Godelier , M. (1986) The Making of Great Men: Male Domination and Power among the New Guinea Baruya . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Godelier , M . & Strathern , M . (eds) ( 1991 ) Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , D. R. 1984 . ‘Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior’ . Annual Review of Anthropology , 13 : 519 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. 1981 . ‘The cultural ecology of economic development’ . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 71 ( 2 ) : 220 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. 1984a . Peasants, Subsistence Ecology, and Development in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. 1984b . ‘Collecting time-use data in third world rural communities’ . Professional Geographer , 36 ( 4 ) : 444 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , S. 1983 . ‘Yams and the symbolic representation of time in a Sepik River village’ . Oceania , 53 : 141 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• James , W . & Mills , D . (eds) ( 2005 ) The Qualities of Time: Anthropological Approaches , Berg , Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Jolly , M. 1987 . ‘The chimera of equality in Melanesia’ . Mankind , 17 : 168 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Josephides , L. 1983 . ‘Equal but different? The ontology of gender among Kewa’ . Oceania , 53 ( 3 ) : 291 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josephides , L. 1985 . The Production of Inequality: Gender and Exchange among the Kewa , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , R. C. 1993 . Constructing Inequality: The Fabrication of a Hierarchy of Virtue among the Etoro , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knauft , B. M. 1997 . ‘Gender identity, political economy and modernity in Melanesia and Amazonia’ . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , 3 ( 2 ) : 233 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , E. R. 1950 . ‘Primitive calendars’ . Oceania , 20 : 245 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , E. R . ( 1961 ) ‘Two essays concerning the symbolic representation of time’ , in Rethinking Anthropology , LSE Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 22 , Athlone , London , pp. 124 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Lederman , R. 1986 . What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Locke , J. (1980) Second Treatise of Government , ed. C. B. Macphersen . Hackett Publishing Co. , Indianapolis
   Google Scholar
• McDowell , N. 1990 . ‘Competitive inequality in Melanesia: an exploratory essay’ . Journal of the Polynesian Society , 99 : 179 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinowski , B. 1925 . ‘Labour and primitive economics’ . Nature , 116 : 926 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Malinowski , B. 1929 . ‘Practical anthropology’ . Africa , 2 : 22 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , K . ( 1994 ) Selected Writings , ed. L. H. Simon , Hackett , Indianapolis .
   Google Scholar
• Meggitt , M. J. 1958 . ‘Mae Enga time-reckoning and calendar, New Guinea’ . Man , 58 : 74 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Modjeska , N . ( 1982 ) ‘Production and inequality: perspectives from central New Guinea’ , in Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Societies , ed. A. J . Strathern , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , pp. 50 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Modjeska , N. 1985 . ‘Exchange value and Melanesian trade reconsidered’ . Mankind , 15 : 145 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Modjeska , N . ( 1995 ) ‘Rethinking women's exploitation: the Duna case and material basis of big man systems’ , in Papuan Borderlands: Huli, Duna, and Ipili Perspectives on the Papua New Guinea Highlands , ed. A . Biersack , Michigan University Press , Ann Arbor , pp. 265 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Mondragón , C. 2004 . ‘Of winds, worms and mana: the traditional calendar of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu’ . Oceania , 74 ( 4 ) : 289 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Munn , N. 1992 . ‘The cultural anthropology of time’ . Annual Review of Anthropology , 21 : 93 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nihill , M. 1994 . ‘New women and wild men: “development”, changing social practice, and gender in Highland Papua New Guinea’ . Cambridge Anthropology , 17 : 48 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Panoff , M. 1977 . ‘Energie et vertu: le travail et ses répresentations en Nouvelle-Bretagne’ . L'Homme , 17 ( 2–3 ) : 7 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , M. 2001 . The Reform of Time: Magic and Modernity , London : Pluto .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , D . ( 1961 ) ‘Gift exchange in the Mendi Valley’ , PhD thesis, Sydney University .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , D . ( 1992 ) ‘Meeting the Mendi’ , in Ethnographic Presents: Pioneering Anthropologists in the Papua New Guinea Highlands , ed. T . Hays , University of California Press , Berkeley , pp. 199 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury , R. 1962 . From Stone to Steel: Economic Consequences of a Technological Change in New Guinea , Melbourne : Melbourne University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salzman , P. 1999 . ‘Is inequality universal?’ . Current Anthropology , 40 : 31 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieffelin , B. B. 2002 . ‘Marking time: the dichotomizing discourse of multiple temporalities’ . Current Anthropology , 43 : S5 – S17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 1979 . Give and Take: Exchange in Wola Society , Canberra : The Australian National University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 1985 . Divide and no one rules : the implications of sexual divisions of labour in the Papua New Guinea Highlands’ . Man , 20 : 494 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 1988 . Made in Niugini: Technology in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea , London : British Museum Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 1996 . A Place against Time: Land and Environment in the Papua New Guinea Highlands , Amsterdam : Harwood Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 1999 . ‘Beating the boundaries: land tenure and identity in the Papua New Guinea Highlands’ . Journal of Anthropological Research , 55 ( 3 ) : 331 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 2001 . ‘Pig men and women, big men and women: gender and production in the New Guinea Highlands’ . Ethnology , 40 ( 3 ) : 171 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 2002 . After the “affluent society”: cost of living in the Papua New Guinea Highlands according to time and energy expenditure-income’ . Journal of Biosocial Science , 34 : 433 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P. 2003 . Managing Animals in New Guinea: Preying the Game in the Highlands , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P . ( in press ) ‘Counting on local knowledge’ , in Local Science versus Global Science , ed. P. Sillitoe , Berghahn , Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Sillitoe , P ., Stewart , P . & Strathern , A. J . ( 2002 ) Horticulture in Papua New Guinea: Case Studies from the Southern and Western Highlands , Ethnology Monograph No. 18, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A . ( 1993 ) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , ed. L. Dickey , Hackett , Indianapolis .
   Google Scholar
• Strathern , A. J. 1966 . ‘Despots and directors in the New Guinea highlands’ . Man (n.s.) , 1 ( 3 ) : 356 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Strathern , A. J . (ed.) ( 1982 ) Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Society , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Strathern , A. J. and Stewart , P. J. 2000 . Arrow Talk: Transaction, Transition, and Contradiction in New Guinea Highlands History , Kent, OH : Kent State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strathern , A. M. 1988 . The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turton , D. and Ruggles , C. 1978 . Agreeing to disagree: the measurement of duration in a southwestern Ethiopian community’ . Current Anthropology , 19 : 585 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulijaszek , S. J. 1995 . Human Energetics in Biological Anthropology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Umezaki , M. , Yamauchi , T. and Ohtsuka , R. 2002 . ‘Time allocation to subsistence activities among the Huli in rural and urban Papua New Guinea’ . Journal of Biosocial Science , 34 : 133 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Ungutip , W. , Wabis , B . & Sillitoe , P . ( 1999 ) ‘Some Wola thoughts on the year 2000’ , in Expecting the Day of Wrath: Versions of the Millennium in Papua New Guinea , ed. C. Kocher-Schmid , Papua New Guinea National Research Institute Monograph No. 36, National Research Institute in association with the European Commission Programme, Boroko , pp. 57 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Waddell , E . ( 1972 ) The Mound Builders: Agricultural Practices, Environment, and Society in the Central Highlands of New Guinea , American Ethnological Society Monograph No. 53 , University of Washington Press , Seattle .
   Google Scholar
• Wallman , S . ( 1979 ) ‘Introduction’ , in Social Anthropology of Work , ed. S. Wallman , ASA Monograph No. 19 , Academic Press , London , pp. 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. B. 1967 . ‘Tairora: the politics of despotism in a small society’ . Anthropological Forum , 2 ( 1 ) : 53 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiessner , P. 2002 . ‘The vines of complexity: egalitarian structures and the institutionalization of inequality among the Enga’ . Current Anthropology , 43 ( 2 ) : 233 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar