An experiment on the perceived efficacy of fear-based messages in online roulette

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Auer, M. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). The use of personalized behavioral feedback for online gamblers: An empirical study. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1406), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørseth, B., Simensen, J. O., Bjørnethun, A., Griffiths, M. D., Erevik, E. K., Leino, T., & Pallesen, S. (2021). The effects of responsible gambling pop-up messages on gambling behaviors and cognitions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1670. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chóliz, M. (2016). The challenge of online gambling: The effect of legalization on the increase in online gambling addiction. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 749–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9558-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chóliz, M., Marcos, M., & Lázaro-Mateo, J. (2021). The risk of online gambling: A study of gambling disorder prevalence rates in Spain. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(2), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00067-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., & Casey, D. M. (2013). Validity of the problem gambling severity index interpretive categories. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(2), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9300-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2020). The value of voluntary vs. mandatory responsible gambling limit-setting systems: A review of the evidence. International Gambling Studies, 21(2), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2020.1853196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diskin, K. M., & Hodgins, D. C. (1999). Narrowing of attention and dissociation in pathological video lottery gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023062912062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diskin, K. M., & Hodgins, D. C. (2001). Narrowed focus and dissociative experiences in a community sample of experienced video lottery gamblers. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery, L. F., Romer, D., Sheerin, K. M., Jamieson, K. H., & Peters, E. (2014). Affective and cognitive mediators of the impact of cigarette warning labels. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. T., Peters, E., Strasser, A. A., Emery, L. F., Sheerin, K. M., & Romer, D. (2015). Graphic warning labels elicit affective and thoughtful responses from smokers: Results of a randomized clinical trial. PloS One, 10(12), e0142879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Gainsbury, S. M. (2015). Online gambling addiction: The relationship between internet gambling and disordered gambling. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0057-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D., Wood, R. T. A., Parke, J., & Parke, A. (2006). Dissociative states in problem gambling. Current Issues Related to Dissociation, 27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, D. (2011). Health warning messages on tobacco products: A review. Tobacco Control, 20(5), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.037630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). A critical review of the harm-minimisation tools available for electronic gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(1), 187–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9624-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A., Parke, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). The case for using personally relevant and emotionally stimulating gambling messages as a gambling harm-minimisation strategy. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(2), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9698-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins, D., Makarchuk, K., Guebaly, N., & Peden, N. (2002). Why problem gamblers quit gambling: A comparison of methods and samples. Addiction Research & Theory, 10(2), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350290017239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins, D. C., & Peden, N. (2005). Natural course of gambling disorders: Forty-month follow-up. Journal of Gambling Issues, 14. doi:10.4309/jgi.2005.14.5.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingshead, S. J., Wohl, M. J., & Santesso, D. (2019). Do you read me? Including personalized behavioral feedback in pop-up messages does not enhance limit adherence among gamblers. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, D. (1988). Evidence for a common dissociative-like reaction among addicts. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 4(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01043526
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Wohl, M. J. A., Stewart, M. J., Sztainert, T., & Gainsbury, S. M. (2014). Limit your time, gamble responsibly: Setting a time limit (via pop-up message) on an electronic gaming machine reduces time on device. International Gambling Studies, 14(2), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2014.910244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPlante, D. A., Schumann, A., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Population trends in Internet sports gambling. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 2399–2414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan, S. (2008). Review of pop-up messages on electronic gaming machines as a proposed responsible gambling strategy. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9133-1
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan, S. (2009). Responsible gambling strategies for Internet gambling: The theoretical and empirical base of using pop-up messages to encourage self-awareness. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(1), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, Y., Chebat, J. C., & Borges, A. (2013). Graphic gambling warnings: How they affect emotions, cognitive responses and attitude change. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(3), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9319-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, Y., Chebat, J. C., & Suissa, J. A. (2010). Using fear appeals in warning labels to promote responsible gambling among VLT players: The key role of depth of information processing. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(4), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9182-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutti-Packer, S., Reid, J. L., Thrasher, J. F., Romer, D., Fong, G. T., Gupta, P. C., Pednekar, M. S., Nargis, N., & Hammond, D. (2017). The role of negative affect and message credibility in perceived effectiveness of smokeless tobacco health warning labels in Navi Mumbai, India and Dhaka, Bangladesh: A moderated-mediation analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netemeyer, R. G., Burton, S., Andrews, J. C., & Kees, J. (2016). Graphic health warnings on cigarette packages: The role of emotions in affecting adolescent smoking consideration and secondhand smoke beliefs. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 124–143. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.15.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribisl, K. M., Pepper, J. K., & Brewer, N. T. (2015). Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tobacco Control, 25(3), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orazi, D. C., Lei, J., & Bove, L. L. (2015). The nature and framing of gambling consequences in advertising. Journal of Business Research, 68(10), 2049–2056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papineau, E., Lacroix, G., Sévigny, S., Biron, J. F., Corneau-Tremblay, N., & Lemétayer, F. (2017). Assessing the differential impacts of online, mixed, and offline gambling. International Gambling Studies, 18(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2017.1378362
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schluter, M. G., & Hodgins, D. C. (2019). Dissociative experiences in gambling disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 6(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-0238-y
   Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2007). The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(3), 1333–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M. J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2013). Pop-up messages, dissociation, and craving: How monetary limit reminders facilitate adherence in a session of slot machine gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, J., Drawson, A. S., Mushquash, C. J., Mushquash, A. R., & Mazmanian, D. (2017). Harm reduction in gambling: A systematic review of industry strategies. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(6), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1310204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törrönen, J., Samuelsson, E., & Gunnarsson, M. (2020). Online gambling venues as relational actors in addiction: Applying the actor-network approach to life stories of online gamblers. International Journal of Drug Policy, 85, 102928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, M. J., Gainsbury, S., Stewart, M. J., & Sztainert, T. (2013). Facilitating responsible gambling: The relative effectiveness of education-based animation and monetary limit setting pop-up messages among electronic gaming machine players. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(4), 703–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9340-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2007). Problem gambling on the Internet: Implications for Internet gambling policy in North America. New Media & Society, 9(3), 520–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807076987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar