References
- Aguirre, L.E., L. Ouyang, A. Elfwing, M. Hedblom, A. Wulff, and O. Inganäs. 2018. “Diatom Frustules Protect DNA from Ultraviolet Light.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 5138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21810-2.
- Ashby, M. 2013. “Designing Architectured Materials.” Scripta Materialia 68 (1): 4–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.04.033.
- Ashby, M.F. 2006. “The Properties of Foams and Lattices.” Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364 (1838): 15–30.
- Ashby, M.F., and M.F. Ashby, Ed. 2011. Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Fourth ed. 31–56. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Bagge-Hansen, M., P.G. Campbell, J. Colvin, S. Kucheyev, and T.E. Felter, Porous Materials via Freeze-casting of Metal Salt Solutions, Google Patents, 2018.
- Banhart, J. 2001. “Manufacture, Characterisation and Application of Cellular Metals and Metal Foams.” Progress in Materials Science 46 (6): 559–632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00002-5.
- Benedetti, M., A. Du Plessis, R.O. Ritchie, M. Dallago, S.M.J. Razavi, and F. Berto. 2021. “Architected Cellular Materials: A Review on Their Mechanical Properties Towards Fatigue-Tolerant Design and Fabrication.” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 144: 100606.
- Berger, J.B., H.N.G. Wadley, and R.M. McMeeking. 2017. “Mechanical Metamaterials at the Theoretical Limit of Isotropic Elastic Stiffness.” Nature 543 (7646): 533–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21075.
- Berger, S.A., and I.V. Okulov. 2020. “Open Porous α + β Titanium Alloy by Liquid Metal Dealloying for Biomedical Applications.” Metals 10 (11): 1450. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111450.
- Bonatti, C., and D. Mohr. 2017. “Large Deformation Response of Additively-manufactured FCC Metamaterials: From Octet Truss Lattices Towards Continuous Shell Mesostructures.” International Journal of Plasticity 92 (2017): 122–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2017.02.003.
- Brooks, W., C. Sutcliffe, and W. Cantwell, Rapid Design and Manufacture of Ultralight Cellular Materials, Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 231–241, Austin Texas USA (2005).
- Butcher, K.S.A., J.M. Ferris, M.R. Phillips, M. Wintrebert-Fouquet, J.W. Jong Wah, N. Jovanovic, W. Vyverman, and V.A. Chepurnov. 2005. “A Luminescence Study of Porous Diatoms.” Materials Science and Engineering: C 25 (5): 658–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.06.049.
- Cao, X., S. Duan, J. Liang, W. Wen, and D. Fang. 2018. “Mechanical Properties of an Improved 3D-printed Rhombic Dodecahedron Stainless Steel Lattice Structure of Variable Cross Section.” International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 145: 53–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.07.006.
- Chen, Q., Y. Ding, and M. Chen. 2018. “Nanoporous Metal by Dealloying for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage.” MRS Bulletin 43 (1): 43–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.300.
- Deshpande, V.S., M.F. Ashby, and N.A. Fleck. 2001. “Foam Topology: Bending versus Stretching Dominated Architectures.” Acta Materialia 49 (6): 1035–1040. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00379-7.
- Dunand, D.C. 2004. “Processing of Titanium Foams.” Advanced Engineering Materials 6 (6): 369–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200405576.
- Erlebacher, J., M.J. Aziz, A. Karma, N. Dimitrov, and K. Sieradzki. 2001. “Evolution of Nanoporosity in Dealloying.” Nature 410 (6827): 450–453. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/35068529.
- Fears, T.M., J.A. Hammons, J.D. Sain, M.H. Nielsen, T. Braun, and S.O. Kucheyev. 2018. “Ultra-low-density Silver Aerogels via Freeze-substitution.” APL Materials 6 (9): 091103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5039521.
- Fleck, N.A., V. Deshpande, and M. Ashby. 2010. “Micro-Architectured Materials: Past, Present and Future.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 466 (2121): 2495–2516.
- Fratzl, P., and M.M.G. Guille. 2011. Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials, 29–39. KGaA: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & .
- Fratzl, P., and R. Weinkamer. 2007. “Nature’s Hierarchical Materials.” Progress in Materials Science 52 (8): 1263–1334.
- Gaskey, B., I. McCue, A. Chuang, and J. Erlebacher. 2019. “Self-assembled Porous Metal-intermetallic Nanocomposites via Liquid Metal Dealloying.” Acta Materialia 164: 293–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.057.
- Greil, P., T. Lifka, and A. Kaindl. 1998. “Biomorphic Cellular Silicon Carbide Ceramics from Wood: I. Processing and Microstructure.” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 18 (14): 1961–1973. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(98)00156-3.
- Gui, N., W. Xu, D.E. Myers, R. Shukla, H.P. Tang, and M. Qian. 2018. “The Effect of Ordered and Partially Ordered Surface Topography on Bone Cell Responses: A Review.” Biomaterials Science 6 (2): 250–264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C7BM01016H.
- Hyun, G., J.T. Song, C. Ahn, Y. Ham, D. Cho, J. Oh, and S. Jeon. 2020. “Hierarchically Porous Au Nanostructures with Interconnected Channels for Efficient Mass Transport in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (11): 5680–5685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918837117.
- Johnson, M.T., and K.T. Faber. 2011. “Catalytic Graphitization of Three-dimensional Wood-derived Porous Scaffolds.” Journal of Materials Research 26 (1): 18–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.88.
- Koczkur, K., Q. Yi, and A. Chen. 2007. “Nanoporous Pt-Ru Networks and Their Electrocatalytical Properties.” Advanced Materials 19 (18): 2648–2652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602730.
- Kooistra, G.W., V.S. Deshpande, and H.N.G. Wadley. 2004. “Compressive Behavior of Age Hardenable Tetrahedral Lattice Truss Structures Made from Aluminium.” Acta Materialia 52 (14): 4229–4237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.05.039.
- Lakes, R. 1993. “Materials with Structural Hierarchy.” Nature 361 (6412): 511–515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/361511a0.
- Leary, M., M. Mazur, H. Williams, E. Yang, A. Alghamdi, B. Lozanovski, X. Zhang, et al. 2018. “Inconel 625 Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM): Mechanical Properties, Deformation and Failure Modes.” Materials & Design 157: 179–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.010.
- Li, M., Y. Su, J. Zhao, H. Geng, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, C. Yang, and Y. Zhang. 2015. “One-pot Preparation of Thin Nanoporous Copper Foils with Enhanced Light Absorption and SERS Properties.” CrystEngComm 17 (6): 1296–1304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CE01967A.
- Luxner, M.H., J. Stampfl, and H.E. Pettermann. 2007. “Numerical Simulations of 3D Open Cell Structures – Influence of Structural Irregularities on Elasto-plasticity and Deformation Localization.” International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (9): 2990–3003. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.08.039.
- Mazur, M., M. Leary, S. Sun, M. Vcelka, D. Shidid, and M. Brandt. 2016. “Deformation and Failure Behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM).” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 84 (5): 1391–1411.
- Meza, L.R., A.J. Zelhofer, N. Clarke, A.J. Mateos, D.M. Kochmann, and J.R. Greer. 2015. “Resilient 3D Hierarchical Architected Metamaterials.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (37): 11502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509120112.
- Nye, J.F. 1985. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Park, C., and S.R. Nutt. 2001. “Effects of Process Parameters on Steel Foam Synthesis.” Materials Science and Engineering: A 297 (1–2): 62–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01265-X.
- Parlett, C.M., K. Wilson, and A.F. Lee. 2013. “Hierarchical Porous Materials: Catalytic Applications.” Chemical Society Reviews 42 (9): 3876–3893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35378D.
- Pham, M.-S., C. Liu, I. Todd, and J. Lertthanasarn. 2019. “Damage-tolerant Architected Materials Inspired by Crystal Microstructure.” Nature 565 (7739): 305–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0850-3.
- Qiu, H.-J., X. Li, H.-T. Xu, H.-J. Zhang, and Y. Wang. 2014. “Nanoporous Metal as a Platform for Electrochemical and Optical Sensing.” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2 (46): 9788–9799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC01913J.
- Saleh, M.S., J. Li, J. Park, and R. Panat. 2018. “3D Printed Hierarchically-porous Microlattice Electrode Materials for Exceptionally High Specific Capacity and Areal Capacity Lithium Ion Batteries.” Additive Manufacturing 23: 70–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.07.006.
- Schaedler, T.A., A.J. Jacobsen, and W.B. Carter. 2013. “Toward Lighter, Stiffer Materials.” Science 341 (6151): 1181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243996.
- Schaedler, T.A., A.J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A.E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J.R. Greer, L. Valdevit, and W.B. Carter. 2011. “Ultralight Metallic Microlattices.” Science 334 (6058): 962. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1211649.
- Song, T., Y. Gao, Z. Zhang, and Q. Zhai. 2012. “Influence of Magnetic Field on Dealloying of Al-25Ag Alloy and Formation of Nanoporous Ag.” CrystEngComm 14 (10): 3694–3701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce06404a.
- Song, T., H.P. Tang, Y. Li, and M. Qian. 2020. “Liquid Metal Dealloying of Titanium-tantalum (Ti-ta) Alloy to Fabricate Ultrafine Ta Ligament Structures: A Comparative Study in Molten Copper (Cu) and Cu-based Alloys.” Corrosion Science 169: 108600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108600.
- Song, T., M. Yan, and M. Qian. 2018. “The Enabling Role of Dealloying in the Creation of Specific Hierarchical Porous Metal structures—A Review.” Corrosion Science 134: 78–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.02.013.
- Song, T., M. Yan, Z. Shi, A. Atrens, and M. Qian. 2015. “Creation of Bimodal Porous Copper Materials by an Annealing-electrochemical Dealloying Approach.” Electrochimica Acta 164: 288–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.217.
- Sun, M.-H., S.-Z. Huang, L.-H. Chen, Y. Li, X.-Y. Yang, Z.-Y. Yuan, and B.-L. Su. 2016. “Applications of Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials from Energy Storage and Conversion, Catalysis, Photocatalysis, Adsorption, Separation, and Sensing to Biomedicine.” Chemical Society Reviews 45 (12): 3479–3563.
- Tancogne‐Dejean, T., M. Diamantopoulou, M.B. Gorji, C. Bonatti, and D. Mohr. 2018. “3D Plate-Lattices: An Emerging Class of Low-Density Metamaterial Exhibiting Optimal Isotropic Stiffness.” Advanced Materials 30 (45): 1803334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803334.
- Tancogne-Dejean, T., X. Li, M. Diamantopoulou, C.C. Roth, and D. Mohr. 2019. “High Strain Rate Response of Additively-Manufactured Plate-Lattices: Experiments and Modeling.” Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials 5 (3): 361–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-019-00219-6.
- Tancogne-Dejean, T., and D. Mohr. 2018. “Elastically-isotropic Truss Lattice Materials of Reduced Plastic Anisotropy.” International Journal of Solids and Structures 138 (2018): 24–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.12.025.
- Valdevit, L., S.W. Godfrey, T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, and W.B. Carter. 2013. “Compressive Strength of Hollow Microlattices: Experimental Characterization, Modeling, and Optimal Design.” Journal of Materials Research 28 (17): 2461–2473. doi:https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2013.160.
- Vigliotti, A., and D. Pasini. 2013. “Mechanical Properties of Hierarchical Lattices.” Mechanics of Materials 62: 32–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2013.03.003.
- Vyatskikh, A., S. Delalande, A. Kudo, X. Zhang, C.M. Portela, and J.R. Greer. 2018. “Additive Manufacturing of 3D Nano-architected Metals.” Nature Communications 9 (1): 593. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03071-9.
- Wada, T., P.-A. Geslin, and H. Kato. 2018. “Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Metals by Two-step Liquid Metal Dealloying.” Scripta Materialia 142: 101–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.08.038.
- Wada, T., K. Yubuta, A. Inoue, and H. Kato. 2011. “Dealloying by Metallic Melt.” Materials Letters 65 (7): 1076–1078. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.01.054.
- Wang, S., K. Liu, X. Yao, and L. Jiang. 2015. “Bioinspired Surfaces with Superwettability: New Insight on Theory, Design, and Applications.” Chemical Reviews 115 (16): 8230–8293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400083y.
- Wang, X., S. Xu, S. Zhou, W. Xu, M. Leary, P. Choong, M. Qian, M. Brandt, and Y.M. Xie. 2016. “Topological Design and Additive Manufacturing of Porous Metals for Bone Scaffolds and Orthopaedic Implants: A Review.” Biomaterials 83: 127–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.012.
- Wang, Z. 2019. “Recent Advances in Novel Metallic Honeycomb Structure.” Composites Part B: Engineering 166: 731–741. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.02.011.
- Wang, Z., P. Liu, J. Han, C. Cheng, S. Ning, A. Hirata, T. Fujita, and M. Chen. 2017. “In Situ Click Chemistry Generation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors.” Nature Communications 8 (1): 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-016-0009-6.
- Wu, L., Y. Li, Z. Fu, and B.-L. Su. 2020. “Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials: Synthesis Strategies and Applications in Energy Storage.” National Science Review 7 (11): 1667–1701.
- Xue, C., X. Shi, X. Fang, H. Tao, H. Zhu, F. Yu, X. Ding, et al. 2016. “The “Pure Marriage” between 3D Printing and Well-Ordered Nanoarrays by Using PEALD Assisted Hydrothermal Surface Engineering.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8 (13): 8393–8400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01417.
- Yan, P., E. Brown, Q. Su, J. Li, J. Wang, C. Xu, C. Zhou, and D. Lin. 2017. “3D Printing Hierarchical Silver Nanowire Aerogel with Highly Compressive Resilience and Tensile Elongation through Tunable Poisson’s Ratio.” Small 13 (38): 1701756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701756.
- Yang, C., C. Zhang, W. Xing, and L. Liu. 2018. “3D Printing of Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glasses with Complex Geometries and Enhanced Catalytic Properties.” Intermetallics 94: 22–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2017.12.018.
- Yang, X.-Y., L.-H. Chen, Y. Li, J.C. Rooke, C. Sanchez, and B.-L. Su. 2017. “Hierarchically Porous Materials: Synthesis Strategies and Structure Design.” Chemical Society Reviews 46 (2): 481–558.
- Yeo, S.J., M.J. Oh, and P.J. Yoo. 2019. “Structurally Controlled Cellular Architectures for High-Performance Ultra-Lightweight Materials.” Advanced Materials 31 (34): 1803670. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803670.
- Zeng, G.H., T. Song, Y.H. Dai, H.P. Tang, and M. Yan. 2019. “3D Printed Breathable Mould Steel: Small Micrometer-sized, Interconnected Pores by Creatively Introducing Foaming Agent to Additive Manufacturing.” Materials & Design 169: 107693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107693.
- Zhang, X., N. Zhao, and C. He. “The Superior Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nanocarbon Reinforced Bulk Composites Achieved by Architecture Design–A Review.” Progress in Materials Science. 2020. 100672.
- Zhang, X.Z., M. Leary, H.P. Tang, T. Song, and M. Qian. 2018. “Selective Electron Beam Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Lattice Structures for Orthopedic Implant Applications: Current Status and Outstanding Challenges.” Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science 22 (3): 75–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2018.05.002.
- Zhang, Y., X. Sun, N. Nomura, and T. Fujita. 2019. “Hierarchical Nanoporous Copper Architectures via 3D Printing Technique for Highly Efficient Catalysts.” Small 15 (22): 1805432. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805432.
- Zhao, B., and M.M. Collinson. 2012. “Hierarchical Porous Gold Electrodes: Preparation, Characterization, and Electrochemical Behavior.” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 684: 53–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.025.
- Zhao, L., Y. Yu, T. Chen, L. Hu, J. Li, G. Le, F. Qu, et al. 2020. “Directional Hierarchical Porous Cu Prepared by One-step Etching 3D Printed Fe-Cu Alloy with Two-stage Phase Separation Structure.” Vacuum 174: 109211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109211.
- Zheng, X., W. Smith, J. Jackson, B. Moran, H. Cui, D. Chen, J. Ye, N. Fang, N. Rodriguez, and T. Weisgraber. 2016. “Multiscale Metallic Metamaterials.” Nature Materials 15 (10): 1100–1106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4694.
- Zhou, X., Y. Li, and X. Chen. 2020. “Development of AlMg35-TiH2 Composite Foaming Agent and Fabrication of Small Pore Size Aluminium Foams.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 283: 116698. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116698.
- Zhu, C., Z. Qi, V.A. Beck, M. Luneau, J. Lattimer, W. Chen, M.A. Worsley, J. Ye, E.B. Duoss, and C.M. Spadaccini. 2018. “Toward Digitally Controlled Catalyst Architectures: Hierarchical Nanoporous Gold via 3D Printing.” Science Advances 4 (8): eaas9459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aas9459.