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ARTICLES

Remote Sensing and Range Monitoring and Assessment: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Grazing Gradient Approach

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Pages 58-73 | Published online: 20 Mar 2013

References

  • This article is a summary of an unpublished report—N Milham . 1993 . Cost- Benefit Analysis of the Land Degradation Assessment and Forecasting Project (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, Alice Springs,—which can be obtained through the authors.
  • See, for example, G Passmore and C Brown . 1991 . Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics “Analysis of Rangeland Degradation Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming” (35(2) 131; and D Southgate, J Sanders and S Ehui, “Resource Degradation in Africa and Latin America: Population Pressure, Policies and Property Arrangements” (1990) 72(5) American Journal of Agricultural Economics 1259.
  • Gardener , C J , McIvor , J G and Williams , J . 1990 . “Dry Tropical Rangelands: Solving One Problem and Creating Another” . Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia , (16 279.
  • Foran , B D , Friedel , M H , MacLeod , N D , Stafford Smith , D M and Wilson , A D . 1990 . A Policy for the Future of Australia's Rangelands Canberra : CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology .
  • Australian Conservation Foundation . 1991 . Recovering Ground—A Case Study Approach to Ecologically Sustainable Rural Land Management Melbourne : ACF .
  • See, for example, R W Condon . 1979 . The Rangeland Journal “Pastoral Management, Economics and Land Use Options in the Poplar Box (eucalyptus populnea) Lands of New South' Wales” (1(4) 260; Hassall and Associates, An Economic Study of the Western Division of NSW—A Study of the Impact of the Cost Price Squeeze on Current and Future Lessees in the Division (Hassall and Associates, Dubbo, April, 1982); and A D Wilson, D J Tongway and G J Tupper, “Factors Contributing to Differences in Forage Yield in the Semi-Arid Woodlands” (1988) 10(1) The Rangeland Journal 13.
  • See, for example, G N Bastin, A D Sparrow and G Pearce . 1993 . The Rangeland Journal Edited by: Simpson , I . “Land Degradation Assessment in Central Australian Rangelands Using a Grazing Gradient Method” (15(2) 190; S Muir, “Managing the Vegetation” in Rangeland Management in Western New South Wales (NSW Agriculture, Orange, 1992); and R O'Shea, Managing for the Future: During and After the Drought (NSW Agriculture, Orange, Agdex 130/10, 1991).
  • Bastin , G N . 1992 . “The Centralian Range Assessment Program” and B Lay, “Monitoring Under a New Pastoral Lands Act in South Australia: Practical Necessity Versus Scientific Excellence” both ” . In Proceedings of the 5th Australian Soil Conservation Conference Volume 7: Range Monitoring Workshop 35 Edited by: Hamilton , GJ , Howes , KM and Attwater , R . Perth : Western Australia Department of Agriculture . See
  • Bastin . 1989 . The Rangeland Journal , op cit n 7; and G Pickup, “New Land Degradation Survey Techniques for Arid Australia: Problems and Prospects” (11 74.
  • Bastin . op cit n 7.
  • Bastin . op cit n 7.
  • Pickup , G , Bastin , G N and Chewings , V H . 1994 . “Remote Sensing-Based Condition Assessment for Non-Equilibrium Rangelands Under Large Scale Commercial Grazing” . Ecological Applications , (4(3) 497.
  • Pickup , G , Chewings , V H , Bastin , G N and Pearce , G . The Use of Grazing Gradient Methods and Remotely-Sensed Data for Improved Land Management: Submission for the BHP Landcare Research or Innovative Technology Award (CSIRO Centre for Arid Zone Research, Alice Springs, undated).
  • Bastin . op cit n 7.
  • See, for example, Bastin, op cit n 8; D G Burnside and S Chamala . 1994 . The Rangeland Journal “Ground-Based Monitoring: A Process of Learning By Doing” (16 221; and A Holm, D G Burnside and A A Mitchell, “The Development of a System for Monitoring Range Condition in the Arid Shrublands of Western Australia” (1987) 9(1) The Rangeland Journal 14.
  • Friedel , M H . 1990 . “Some Key Concepts for Monitoring Australia's Arid and Semi-Arid Rangelands” . The Rangeland Journal , (12 21.
  • Bastin . op cit n 7.
  • Ibid .
  • This cost-saving approach to evaluating costs and benefits overlooks the actual benefits from monitoring . This is not a problem, however, as two monitoring techniques are being compared rather than monitoring versus not monitoring.
  • Bastin , G . 1989 . CRAP, Centralian Range Assessment Program: An Instruction Manual for Range Condition Assessment (Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Alice Springs. The capital costs are mainly associated with the initial establishment of the sites.
  • The adoption costs for the WPAC allow for a second assessment within the 20-year analysis period . 14 – 15 . This was arbitrarily assumed to occur years after the initial assessment. While assessments can be conducted as required, because the WPAC technique analyses long-term trends, frequent assessments are not necessary.
  • Young , R . 1992 . “Evaluating Long-Lived Projects: The Issue of Intergenerational Equity” . Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics , (36(3) 207.
  • The return on 10-year government bonds, taken from ABARE . 1993 . Agriculture and Resources Quarterly , “Macroeconomic Setting” (5(2) 160.
  • Detailed descriptions and definitions of these measures are found in many texts. See, for example, D W Pearce . 1983 . Cost-Benefit Analysis London : Macmillan Education . (2nd ed)
  • Senft , R L , Rittenhouse , L R and Woodmansee , R G . 1983 . “The Use of Regression Models to Predict Spatial Patterns of Cattle Behaviour” . In Journal of Range Management Las Cruces : New Mexico State University . (36 553; and D M Stafford Smith, Modelling: Three Approaches to Predicting How Herbivore Impact is Distributed in Rangelands (New Mexico Agricultural Station Regional Research Report No 628, 1988).
  • Some argue that uneven grazing can indirectly assist conservation and biodiversity through conserving the lightly or ungrazed areas . 1995 . See, for example, I Noy-Meir, “The Spatial Dimensions in Plant-Herbivore Interactions”, Abstracts of the Fifth International Rangelands Congress (Utah State University, Logan.
  • Stafford Smith , D M . 1991 . “Planning the Use of Paddocks in Extensive Grazing Systems: Philosophy and Practice” . France : Montpellier . (contributed paper to the Fourth International Rangeland Congress
  • Lowe , W A , Hodder , R M and Abel , D E . 1978 . “Watering Behaviour of British Breed Cattle in Central Australia” . In Studies of the Australian Arid Zone III: Water in the Rangelands Edited by: Howes , KWM . (CSIRO. Melbourne.
  • Lange , R T . 1969 . “The Piosphere: Sheep Track and Dung Patterns” . Journal of Range Management , (22 396.
  • Stafford Smith , D M . 7 op cit. n 27.
  • Data from ABARE . 1993 . Farm Surveys Report 1993 Canberra : AGPS . (modified on the basis of information provided by the Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries regional economist in Alice Springs (B Cann, personal communication, 1993).
  • The opportunity cost is calculated on the basis of the long-term . riskless return to capital being 6.5 per cent, as noted in the section on costs and benefits to government.
  • Milham . 51 op cit, n 1.
  • Ibid .
  • Stafford Smith , DM and Hope , M , eds. 1992 . “ Managing Change in Northern Australian Grazing Industries ” . In Ibid 52 This is judged to be a resonably conservative estimate and is based on evidence drawn from papers such as D Beurle and S Strutt, “Conservative Stocking—What Makes it pay?” in (Report from a RANGEPACK-MRC Training Workshop, CSIRO, Alice Springs, and Wilson et al, op cit n 6.
  • See, for example, F M Rogers . 1983 . Diffusion of Innovations New York : Macmillan . (3rd ed) (Collier The assumption of 30 per cent adoption was made on the basis of a history of goodwill between the CSIRO research team and many of the relatively few (approximately 150) pastoralists concerned.
  • Bastin , G . 1991 . “Rangeland Reclamation on Atartinga Station, Central Australia” . Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , (4(2) 18.
  • Sinden , J A and King , D A . 1990 . “Adoption of Soil Conservation Measures in Manilla Shire, New South Wales” . Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics , (58(2, 3) 179.
  • Fitzpatrick , B . October 1993 . National Rangeland Monitoring Program: Rangeland Satellite Remote Sensing Workshop: Preliminary Notes October , (NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Alice Springs.
  • Commonwealth of Australia . 1993 . Future Reaction: Executive Summary of the Report of the Research Reactor Review Sydney : AGPS .
  • Bureau of Agricultural Economics . 1985 . Review of Public Investment in Research and Development in Australia: A Submission to the Australian Science and Technology Council Inquiry Canberra : AGPS .
  • ABARE . 1994 . Remote Sensing: Use in Tree Cover Mapping and Pasture Management—An Economic Analysis Canberra : AGPS .

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