Non-expansive delayed ettringite formation in low sulphate and low alkali cement mortars

References

• Acquaye, Lucy. 2006. Effect of High Curing Temperatures on the Strength, Durability and Potential of Delayed Ettringite Formation in Mass Concrete Structures.
   Google Scholar
• Adamopoulou, E., P. Pipilikaki, M.S. Katsiotis, M. Chaniotakis, and M. Katsioti. 2011. “How Sulfates and Increased Temperature Affect Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) in White Cement Mortars”. Construction and Building Materials Elsevier Ltd. 25: 3583–3590. Doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.051.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Rawi, R.S. 1977. “Effects of Cement Composition and W/C Ratio on Strength of Accelerated Cured Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 7 (1): 313–332. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(77)90094-1.
   Google Scholar
• AS 2350.12—2006. 2006. “Australian Standard: Methods of Testing Portland, Blended and Masonry Cements Method 12: Preparation of a Standard Mortar and Moulding of Specimens.”
   Google Scholar
• AS 2350.13—2006. 2006. “Australian Standard: Methods of Testing Portland, Blended and Masonry Cements Method 13: Determination of Drying Shrinkage of Cement Mortars.”
   Google Scholar
• AS 3972-2010. 2010. “Australian Standard: General Purpose and Blended Cements.”
   Google Scholar
• ATIC SP-43. 2017. “Australian Technical Infrastructure Committee: Cementitious Materials for Concrete.”
   Google Scholar
• Bakharev, T., and L.J. Struble. 1997. “Microstructural Features of Railseat Deterioration in Concrete Ties.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 9 (3): 146–153. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1997)9:3(146).
   Google Scholar
• C150/C150M 2016.“ASTM Standards, Standard Specification for Portland Cement.”
   Google Scholar
• Custódio, J., and A.B. Ribeiro. 2019. “Evaluation of Damage in Concrete from Structures Affected by Internal Swelling Reactions - A Case Study.” Procedia Structural Integrity 17: 80–89. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2019.08.012.
   Google Scholar
• Divet, L., and A. Pavoine 2002, “Delayed Ettringite Formation in Massive Concrete Structures: An Account of Some Studies of Degraded Bridges.” International RILEM TC 186-ISA Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation, 4-6 September 2002, Villars, Switzerland, pp. 4–6.
   Google Scholar
• EN 197-1. 2000. European Standard, Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements. Brussels: CEN.
   Google Scholar
• Famy, C. 1999. Expansion of Heat-cured Mortars. University of London.
   Google Scholar
• GB 175. 2007. National Standard of the People’s Republic of China, Common Portland Cements. Beijing: Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China; Standardization Administration of China.
   Google Scholar
• Godart, B., and L. Divet 2013, “Lessons Learned from Structures Damaged by Delayed Ettringite Formation and the French Prevention Strategy”. Forensic Engineering: Informing the Future with Lessons from the Past - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Forensic Engineering, France, pp. 389–400.
   Google Scholar
• GOST 31108. 2016. “Russian Standards, Cements for General Construction - Technical Conditions“.
   Google Scholar
• Hanehara, S., S. Fukuda, T. Oyamada, and T. Fujiwara. 2010. “Delayed Ettringite Formation and Alkali Aggregate Reaction.” Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures 1: 1051–1056.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, D., and U. Ludwig. 1987. “Mechanism of Secondary Ettringite Formation in Mortars and Concretes Subjected to Heat Treatment.” American Concrete Institute Special Publication 2: 2059–2072.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, D., U. Ludwig, and I. Rüdiger. 1989. “Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat Treated Mortars and Concretes.” Concrete Precasting Plant and Technology 11: 56–61.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, D.W. 1999. Expansion and Cracking in Concrete Associated with Delayed Ettringite Formation. Farmington Hills: Special Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Horkoss, S., G. Escadeillas, T. Rizk, and R. Lteif. 2016. “The Effect of the Source of Cement SO3 on the Expansion of Mortars.” Case Studies in Construction Materials 4: 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2015.12.004.
   Google Scholar
• IS 269. 2015. “Indian Standard, Ordinary Portland Cement – Specification.”
   Google Scholar
• JIS R 5210. 2009. Portland Cement. Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kelham, S. 1996. “The Effect of Cement Composition and Fineness on Expansion Associated with Delayed Ettringite Formation.” Cement and Concrete Composites 9465 (95): 171–179. doi:10.1016/0958-9465(95)00013-5.
   Google Scholar
• Korean Standards Association, Portland cement KS L, 5201 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H., R.D. Cody, A.M. Cody, and P.G. Spry. 2005. “The Formation and Role of Ettringite in Iowa Highway Concrete Deterioration.” Cement and Concrete Research 35 (2): 332–343. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, D., X. Kang, Y. Lu, P. Fecteau, B. Fournier, and Z. Xu. 2016. Coexistence of ASR and DEF in a precast pre-stressed concrete element in china, 15th ICAAR. Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• Mielenz, R.C., S.L. Marusin, W.G. Hime, and Z.T. Jugovic. 1995. “Investigation of Prestressed Concrete Railway Tie Distress.” Concrete International 17 (12): 62–68.
   Google Scholar
• Miura, T., I. Maruyama, H. Nakamura, and Y. Yamamoto. 2017. “Feedback System of Ion Transfer through Cracks during Deterioration of Mortar Due to Sulfate Attack Evaluated by RBSM-truss Network Model.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 15 (10): 610–626. doi:10.3151/jact.15.610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Standard of Canada. 2018. Cementitious Materials Compendium, A3000. Ontario: CSA Group.
   Google Scholar
• Oberholster, R.E., H. Maree, and J.H.B. Brand 1992, “Cracked Prestressed Concrete Railway Sleepers: Alkali-silica Reaction or Delayed Ettringite Formation.” Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, London, England, pp. 739–749.
   Google Scholar
• Plusquellec, G., M.R. Geiker, J. Lindgård, and K. De Weerdt. 2018. “Determining the Free Alkali Metal Content in Concrete – Case Study of an ASR-affected Dam.” Cement and Concrete Research 105 (January): 111–125. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.01.003.
   Google Scholar
• Ramezanianpour, A.A., M.H. Khazali, and P. Vosoughi. 2013. “‘Effect of Steam Curing Cycles on Strength and Durability of SCC : A Case Study in Precast Concrete’.” Construction and Building Materials 49: 807–813. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.040.
   Google Scholar
• Ramu, Y.K., V. Sirivivatnanon, P. Thomas, Y. Dhandapani, and K. Vessalas. 2021. “Evaluating the Impact of Curing Temperature in Delayed Ettringite Formation Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.” Construction and Building Materials 282: 122726. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122726.
   Google Scholar
• Roads and maritime services (RMS) QA specification B80 concrete work for bridges 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Sahu, S., and N. Thaulow. 2004. “Delayed Ettringite Formation in Swedish Concrete Railroad Ties.” Cement and Concrete Research 34 (9): 1675–1681. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANS 50197-1. 2013. “South African National Standard, Cement Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements.”
   Google Scholar
• Santhanam, Manu. 2001. Studies on sulfate attack: mechanisms, test methods, and modeling.
   Google Scholar
• Santhanam, M., M.D. Cohen, and J. Olek. 2003. “Effects of Gypsum Formation on the Performance of Cement Mortars during External Sulfate Attack.” Cement and Concrete Research 33 (3): 325–332. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00955-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, G.W. 2004. “Factors Affecting Crystallization Pressure. International RILEM Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation, 4-6 September, Villars, Switzerland. p. 139–154.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener, K., and M. Lewis 1997, “A Microstructural and Microanalytical Study of Heat Cured Mortars and Delayed Ettringite Formation.” Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Gothenburg, Schweden, vol. 4, p. 4iv061.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener, K.L., and J.P. Skalny. 2005. “Conclusions of the International RILEM TC 186-ISA Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation (4-6 September 2002, Villars, Switzerland).” Materials and Structures 38 (280): 659–663.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener, K.L., and H.F.W. Taylor. 1993. “‘Delayed Ettringite Formation : A Microstructural and Microanalytical Study’.” Advances in Cement Research 5 (20): 139–146. doi:10.1680/adcr.1993.5.20.139.
   Google Scholar
• Shao, Y., C. Lyansdale, C.D. Lawrence, and J.H. Sharp. 1997. “Deterioration of heat-cured Mortars Due to the Combined Effect of Delayed Ettringite Formation and freeze/thaw Cycles.” Cement and Concrete Composites Journal 27 (11): 1761–1771.
   Google Scholar
• Shayan, A., and I. Ivanusec. 1996. “An Experimental Clarification of the Association of Delayed Ettringite Formation with Alkali-aggregate Reaction.” Cement and Concrete Composites 18 (3): 161–170. doi:10.1016/0958-9465(96)00012-1.
   Google Scholar
• Shayan, A., and H. Morris. 2005. Deterioration of Precast, Prestressed Concrete Piles in Marine Environment: Case Study of Tempe Bridge, Sydney, NSW. In proceedings of 22nd Biennial conference, Concrete Institute of Australia Melbourne, Australia. p. 17–19.
   Google Scholar
• Shayan, A., and G.W. Quick. 1992. “Microscopic Features of Cracked and Uncracked Concrete Railway Sleepers.” ACI Materials Journal 89 (4): 348–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, António Santos, D. Soares, M. Salta, L. Divet, Alexandre Pavoine, António Estevao Candeias, and José Mirão. “Influence of Mineral Additions in the Inhibition of Delayed Ettringite Formation in Cement Based Materials – A Microstructural Characterization.” Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., January 2010. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1272.
   Google Scholar
• Skalny, J. 2002. “Internal Sulfate Attack– Points of Agreement and Disagreement.“ In International RILEM TC 186-ISA Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation, 4-6 September, Villars: Switzerland. p. 265–276.
   Google Scholar
• Sundaram, R., K. Matsumoto, K. Nagai, and A. Awasthi. 2018. “Visual Investigation Method and Structural Performance Evaluation for DEF Induced Damaged Indian Railway PC Sleepers.” Journal of Asian Concrete Federation 4 (2): 103–115. doi:10.18702/acf.2019.1.4.2.103.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, H.F.W., C. Famy, and K.L. Scrivener. 2001. “Delayed Ettringite Formation.” Cement and Concrete Research 31: 683–693. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00466-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepponen, P., and B.E. Eriksson. 1987. “Damages in Concrete Railway Sleepers in Finland.” Nordic Concrete Research 1 (6): 199–209.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, M., K. Folliard, T. Drimalas, and T. Ramlochan. 2008. “Diagnosing Delayed Ettringite Formation in Concrete Structures.” Cement and Concrete Research 38 (1): 841–847. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.003.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, M.D.A., R.D. Hooton, and T. Ramlochan. 2010. “Use of Pore Solution Analysis in Design for Concrete Durability.” Advances in Cement Research 22 (4): 203–210. doi:10.1680/adcr.2010.22.4.203.
   Google Scholar
• Tosun, K. 2006. “Effect of SO3 Content and Fineness on the Rate of Delayed Ettringite Formation in Heat Cured Portland Cement Mortars.” Cement and Concrete Composites 28: 761–772. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.06.003.
   Google Scholar
• Transport and main roads specifications MRTS70 concrete 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., H. Hu, J. Gong, X. Ma, and W. Xiong. 2019. “Precast Supply Chain Management in off-site Construction: A Critical Literature Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 232: 1204–1217. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. 1990, ‘Delayed ettringite formation in heat cured cementitious systems’, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., J. Olek, and S. Diamond. 2002a. “Studies on Delayed Ettringite Formation in early-age, heat-cured Mortars I. Expansion Measurements, Changes in Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity, and Weight Gains.” Cement and Concrete Composites 32: 1729–1736. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00862-1.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., J. Olek, and S. Diamond. 2002b. “Studies on Delayed Ettringite Formation in heat-cured Mortars II. Characteristics of Cement that May Be Susceptible to DEF.” Cement and Concrete Research 32: 1737–1742. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00894-3.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., A. Teramoto, and T.A. Ohkubo. 2018. “Effect of Addition Rate of Expansive Additive on Autogenous Shrinkage and Delayed Expansion of ultra-high Strength Mortar.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 16 (6): 250–261. doi:10.3151/jact.16.250.
   Google Scholar