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Original Articles

Competing Visions of Citizenship and Integration in France's Headscarves Affair

Pages 167-185 | Published online: 02 Aug 2010

References

  • Galeotti , Anna Elisabetta . 'Citizenship and equality: the place for toleration1 . Political Theory , 21 ( 471993 ) 586 – 7 .
  • Monnet , Jean-François . 1990 . 'A Creil, l'origine de l'affaire des foulards' . Hérodote , : 14 – 49 . The exact number of Muslim students is unknown because, while the administration kept statistics on students' nationalities, information was not collected on their religion
  • Centre Georges-Brassens, 'Project report', unpublished, 1985. One of these buildings (K2) was demolished shortly after the census was taken as part of a local rehabilitation project.
  • Cardoso , Luis . 1990 . 'Au coeur de 'l'affaire': un professeur de Creil témoigne' . Hommes & Migrations , : 12
  • 1989 . Le Point , 22 October : 92 – 3 .
  • Cardoso , ed. 18 October 1989 . Le Nouvel Observateur 18 October , 7
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Nouvel Observateur 18 October ,
  • Deloyes , Yves . 1994 . Ecole et Citoyenneté. L'individualisme républicaine de Jules Ferry à Vichy: controverses, Paris 1994 and Claude Nicolet, L'idée républicaine en France (1789-1924) Paris On the French tradition of 'laïcité see
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Nouvel Observateur 18 October ,
  • 7 October 1989 . Le Monde 7 October ,
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Nouvel Observateur 18 October ,
  • 26 October 1989 . L'Evènement du Jeudi 26 October ,
  • 26 October 1989 . L'Evènement du Jeudi 26 October ,
  • 7 October 1989 . Le Monde 7 October ,
  • Marie , Claude-Valentin . 1991 . “ 'L'Europe: de l'empire aux colonies intérieurs ” . In Face au racisme , Analyses, hypothèses, perspectives Edited by: Taguieff , P.-A. Vol. 2 , 296 – 310 . Paris On relations between Antillean and Maghrebin "blacks' in France, see
  • Kepel , GiIIes . 1994 . A L'Ouest D'Allah 275 – 83 . Paris
  • Feldblum , Miriam . 1991 . “ 1Re-Visions of citizenship: the politics of nation and immigration in France, 1981-1989' ” . 256 – 86 . Yale University . Ph.D. diss.
  • Levau , Rémy . Islamic veil or national flag' . European Journal of International Affairs , 471990 48 – 50 .
  • Bouamama , Said . 1989 . 'Au-delà du foulard…la laïcité' . Revue 'Mémoire Fertile' , : 07
  • October 27 1989 . Le Monde October 27 ,
  • Moruzzi , Norma Claire . 1994 . 'A problem with headscarves: contemporary complexities of political and social identity' . Political Theory , 22 ( 4 ) : 665 – 6 . Feldblum, 275-9;
  • William , JeanClaude . 1991 . 'Le Conseil d'Etat et la laïcité: propos sur l'avis du 27 novembre 1989' . Revue française de science politique , 41 ( 1 ) : 30 – 8 .
  • Willaime , Jean-Paul . 1992 . 'La laïcité française au miroir du foulard' . Le supplément (Revue d'éthique et morale) , : 82
  • Lacoste-Dujardin , Camille . 1990 . 'Les fichus islamistes: approche ethnologique d'une stratégie d'antiintégration' . Hérodote , : 14 – 5 .
  • Perotti , Antonio and Thepaut , France . 1990 . "L'affaire du foulard islamique: d'un fait divers a un fait de sociéte' . Migrations et société , For example, see
  • Siblot , Paul . 1992 . 'Ah! Qu'en termes voilés ces choses là sont mises' . Mots , : 5 – 17 .
  • 26 October 1989 . Le Monde 26 October ,
  • 27 October 1989 . Le Quotidien de Paris 27 October ,
  • 10 November 1989 . Le Monde 10 November ,
  • Remond , René . 1982 . Les Droites en France 294 – 304 . Paris
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Quotidien de Paris 18 October ,
  • 24 October 1989 . Le Monde 24 October ,
  • 24 October 1989 . Le Monde 24 October ,
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Quotidien de Paris 18 October ,
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Quotidien de Paris 18 October ,
  • 22 October 1989 . Le Quotidien de Paris 22 October ,
  • 23 October 1989 . Liberation 23 October ,
  • October 21 1989 . Liberation October 21 ,
  • 1989 . Journal Officiel , 8 November : 4757 – 8 . Tellingly, at the 8 November 1989 meeting of the National Assembly, the word 'voile1 was used only by deputies from the Right. In each instance, in response, those seated on the Left began laughing. Opponents of headscarves on the Right were trying to equate headscarves (foulards) with veils (voiles). Meanwhile, certain deputies seated on the Left were resisting this usage, using laughter to mark their dismissal of the term as a 'ridiculous' exaggeration. (See
  • 1989 . Libération , 9 November
  • 18 October 1989 . Le Quotidien de Paris 18 October ,
  • Schain , Martin . 1988 . 'Immigration and changes in the French party system1 . European Journal of Political Research , 16 : 603 – 9 .
  • 24 October 1989 . Le Monde 24 October ,
  • 24 October 1989 . Le Monde 24 October ,
  • 8 November 1989 . Le Monde 8 November ,
  • Aspects de la France, 26 October 1989. By contrast, French Muslim organizations' efforts to defend the right to wear headscarves in schools attracted notable support from Catholic and Jewish leaders in France. In fact, in keeping with the long-standing secular-religious cleavage in France, they showed themselves singularly sympathetic to Muslims' pro-headscarf demands.
  • 9 November 1989 . Le Monde 9 November ,
  • 1989 . Journal Official , 8 November : 4752
  • 25 October 1989 . Le Nouvel Observateur 25 October ,
  • 1989 . Journal Officiel , 25 October : 113 – 5 .
  • 25 October 1989 . Le Nouvel Observateur 25 October ,
  • Jospin , Lionel . 9 November 1989 . l'Association Droit et Démocratie , 9 November , Paris : La Documentation Française . unpublished speech to
  • MacMaster , Neil and Lewis , Toni . 1998 . Orientalism: from unveiling to hyperveiling' . Journal of European Studies , 28 : 121 – 35 . On the history of this tendency in French representations of veiling, see As they note, the 1989 'affair' did mark a partial break with the tendency for such threatening images to be perpetuated without provoking criticism from the Left in that explicit disagreement did develop within the Socialist party about what term should be used to refer to the garments involved Parts 1-2
  • Gaspard , Françoise and Khosrokhavar , Farhad . 1995 . Le foulard et la République Paris A noteworthy feature of this source is its inclusion of transcripts of several extended interviews conducted by the authors with wearers of foulards

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