An Ethnoarchaeological Case Study of Dung Fungal Spore and Faecal Spherulite Taphonomy in a Pastoral Cave Deposit

References

• Abraham, W. M., J. C. Delehunt, L. Yerger, and B. Marchette. 1982. “Characterization of a Late Phase Pulmonary Response After Antigen Challenge in Allergic Sheep.” American Review of Respiratory Disease 128 (5): 839–844.
   Google Scholar
• Albert, R. M., R. Shahack-Gross, D. Cabanes, A. Gilboa, S. Lev-Yadun, M. Portillo, I. Sharon, E. Boaretto, and S. Weiner. 2008. “Phytolith-Rich Layers from the Late Bronze Age and Iron Ages at Tel Dor (Israel): Mode of Formation and Archaeological Significance.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 57–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelucci, D. E., G. Boschian, M. Fontanals, A. Pedrotti, and J. M. Vergès. 2009. “Shepherds and Karst: The Use of Caves and Rock-Shelters in the Mediterranean Region During the Neolithic.” World Archaeology 41: 191–214. doi: 10.1080/00438240902843659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptroot, A., and B. van Geel. 2006. “Fungi of the Colon of the Yukagir Mammoth and from Stratigraphically Related Permafrost Samples.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 141: 225–230. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, A. G., S. A. Bhagwat, and K. J. Willis. 2013. “Do Dung Fungal Spores Make a Good Proxy for Past Distribution of Large Herbivores?” Quaternary Science Reviews 62: 21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, A. G., P. Cornelissen, S. A. Bhagwat, F. W. M. Vera, and K. J. Willis. 2016. “Quantification of Population Sizes of Large Herbivores and Their Long-Term Functional Role in Ecosystems Using Dung Fungal Spores.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjea, R. Y., M. Karczewski, M. Karczewska, and A. Pluskowski. 2015. “The Role of Geoarchaeology in Understanding the Formation and Function of Święta Góra (Staświny), Masuria, Poland: Interim Results from Feature 40.” In Materialy Do Archaeologii Warmii I Mazur, Vol. 1. Instytut Archaeologii Uniwersytetu Warsawskiego, edited by M. Hoffmann, M. Karczewski, and S. Wadyl, 221–231. Białystok: Instytut Historii I nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
   Google Scholar
• Beer, R. J. 1976. “The Relationship Between Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus 1758) of man and Trichuris suis (Schrank 1788) of the pig.” Research in Veterinary Science 20 (1): 47–54. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)33478-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandolini, P., F. Faccini, A. Robbiano, and F. Bulgarelli. 2011. “Geomorphology and Cultural Heritage of the Ponci Valley (Finalese karstic area, Ligurian Alps).” Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 34: 65–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkkemper, O., and H. van Haaster. 2012. “Eggs of Intestinal Parasites Whipworm (Trichuris) and Mawworm (Ascaris): Non-Pollen Palynomorphs in Archaeological Samples.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 186: 16–21. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochier, J. E. 1991. “Géoarchéologie du monde agropastoral.” In Pour une archéologie agraire, edited by J. Gulaine, 303–322. Paris: Colin.
   Google Scholar
• Brochier, J. E., P. Villa, and M. Giacomarra. 1992. “Shepherds and Sediments: Geo-Ethnoarchaeology of Pastoral Sites.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 47–102. doi: 10.1016/0278-4165(92)90010-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanes, D., F. Burjachs, I. Expósito, A. Rodríguez, E. Allué, I. Euba, and J. M. Vergés. 2009. “Formation Processes Through Archaeobotanical Remains: The Case of the Bronze Age Levels in El Mirador cave, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain.” Quaternary International 193: 160–173. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canti, M. G. 1997. “An Investigation of Microscopic Calcareous Spherulites from Herbivore Dungs.” Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 219–231. doi: 10.1006/jasc.1996.0105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canti, M. G. 1998. “The Micromorphological Identification of Faecal Spherulites from Archaeological and Modern Materials.” Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 435–444. doi: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canti, M. G. 1999. “The Production and Preservation of Faecal Spherulites: Animals, Environment and Taphonomy.” Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 251–258. doi: 10.1006/jasc.1998.0322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cugny, C., F. Mazier, and D. Galop. 2010. “Modern and Fossil Non-Pollen Palynomorphs from the Basque Mountains (Western Pyrenees, France): The Use of Coprophilous Fungi to Reconstruct Pastoral Activity.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 19 (5-6): 391–408. doi: 10.1007/s00334-010-0242-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doveri, F. 2007. Fungi Fimicoli Italici. A Guide to the Recognition of Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes Living on Faecal Material. Trento: Associazione Micologica Bresadola.
   Google Scholar
• Doveri, F. 2008. “Aggiornamento sul genere Chaetomium con descrizione di alcune specie coprofile, nuove per l’Italia - An Update on the Genus Chaetomium with Descriptions of Some Coprophilous Species, New to Italy.” Pagine di Micologia 29: 1–60.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, S., R. Bendrey, J. Whitlam, K. R. Aziz, and J. Evans. 2015. “Preliminary Ethnoarchaeological Research on Modern Animal Husbandry in Bestansur, Iraqi Kurdistan: Integrating Animal, Plant and Environmental Data.” Environmental Archaeology 20: 283–303. doi: 10.1179/1749631414Y.0000000025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expósito, I., and F. Burjachs. 2016. “Taphonomic Approach to the Palynological Record of Burnt and Unburnt Samples from El Mirador Cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain).” Quaternary International 414: 258–271. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeser, I., and M. O’Connell. 2010. “Late Holocene Land-Use and Vegetation Dynamics in an Upland Karst Region Based on Pollen and Coprophilous Fungal Spore Analyses: An Example from the Burren, Western Ireland.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 19 (5-6): 409–426. doi: 10.1007/s00334-009-0235-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finsinger, W., and W. Tinner. 2005. “Minimum Count Sums for Charcoal Concentration Estimates in Pollen Slides: Accuracy and Potential Errors.” The Holocene 15: 293–297. doi: 10.1191/0959683605hl808rr
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, D., A. M. Stchigel, and J. Guarro. 2004. “Two New Species of Sphaerodes from Spanish Soils.” Studies in Mycology 50: 63–68.
   Google Scholar
• Goater, T. M., C. P. Goater, and G. W. Esch. 2014. Parasitism: The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goren, Y. 1999. “On Determining Use of Pastoral Cave Sites: A Critical Assessment of Spherulites in Archaeology.” Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 29: 123–128.
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, E. C. 2011. TILIA Software 1.7. 16. Springfield: Illinois State Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Knappertsbusch, M. V. 1990. “Geographic Distribution of Modern Coccolithophorids in the Mediterranean Sea and Morphological Evolution of Calcidiscus leptoporus.” PhD diss., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.
   Google Scholar
• Korstanje, A. 2004. “Microfossils in Camelid Dung: Taphonomic Considerations for the Archaeological Study of Agriculture and Pastoralism.” In Biosphere to Lithosphere, 9 ICAZ Conference, edited by T. O’Connor, 69–77. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
   Google Scholar
• Krug, J. C., G. L. Benny, and H. W. Keller. 2004. “Coprophilous Fungi.” In Biodiversity of Fungi. Inventory and Monitoring Methods, edited by M. Foster, and G. Bill, 467–499. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Leles, D., S. L. Gardner, K. Reinhard, A. Iñiguez, and A. Araujo. 2012. “Are Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum a Single Species?” Parasites & Vectors 5 (42).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundqvist, N. 1972. Nordic Sordariaceae s. lat. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells.
   Google Scholar
• Macphail, R. I., M. Courty, J. Hather, and J. Wattez. 1997. “The Soil Micromorphological Evidence of Domestic Occupation and Stabling Activities.” In Arene Candide: A Functional and Environmental Assessment of the Holocene Sequence (Excavations Bernabò Brea - Cardini, 1940-50), edited by R. Maggi, 53–85. Roma: Il Calamo.
   Google Scholar
• Macphail, R. I., and P. Goldberg. 2010. “Archaeological Materials.” In Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, edited by G. Stoops, V. Marcelino, and F. Mees, 589–622. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Mariotti, M. G. 2009. Atlante degli Habitat. Natura 2000 in Liguria. Genova: Regione Liguria.
   Google Scholar
• Milanesi, C., R. Vignani, F. Ciampolini, C. Faleri, L. Cattani, A. Moroni, S. Arrighi, et al. 2006. “Ultrastructure and DNA Sequence Analysis of Single Concentricystis Cells from Alta Val Tiberina Holocene Sediment.” Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 1081–1087. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow, D. A. 1968. “Pneumonia in Cattle Due to Migrating Ascaris lumbricoides Larvae.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 153 (2): 184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musotto, L. L., M. V. Bianchinotti, and A. M. Borromei. 2012. “Pollen and Fungal Remains as Environmental Indicators in Surface Sediments of Isla Grande de Tierra Del Fuego, Southernmost Patagonia.” Palynology 36 (2): 162–179. doi: 10.1080/01916122.2012.662919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panadès i Blas, X., J. Bartolomé i Filella, C. Strömberg, I. Soriano i Tomàs, P. Buckland, K. K. Serieyssol, J. Bach i Plaza, et al. 2017. “The Utility of Livestock Dung for Reconstructing Recent Ethnological and Environmental Histories.” Environmental Archaeology 22: 128–146. doi: 10.1080/14614103.2016.1142630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portillo, M., and R. M. Albert. 2011. “Husbandry practices and livestock dung at the Numidian site of Althiburos (el Médéina, Kef Governorate, northern Tunisia): The phytolith and spherulite evidence.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 3224–3233. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portillo, M., R. M. Albert, and D. O. Henry. 2009. “Domestic Activities and Spatial Distribution in Ain Abū Nukhayla (Wadi Rum, Southern Jordan): the use of phytoliths and spherulites Studies.” Quaternary International 193: 174–183. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portillo, M., R. M. Albert, S. Kadowaki, and Y. Nishiaki. 2010. “Domestic Activities at Early Neolithic Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Northeastern Syria) Through Phytoliths and Spherulites Studies.” In Des hommes et des plantes: exploitation du milieu et gestion des ressources végétales de la Préhistoire à nos jours, edited by I. Héry-Parisot, and S. Thiébault, 19–30. Antibes: Éditions ADPCA.
   Google Scholar
• Portillo, M., C. Sánchez, and R. M. Albert. 2011. “Analysis of Fecal Phytoliths and Spherulites in Samples of Sediment From the Archaeological Site at Tchingiz Tepe, Termez.” In Preliminary Report of the Work of the International Pluridisciplinary Archaeological Expedition to Bactria 2010, Vol. 5, edited by J. M. Gurt Esparraguera, and S. Pidaev, 245–254. Barcelona: ERAUB.
   Google Scholar
• Prager, A., A. Barthelmes, M. Theuerkauf, and H. Joosten. 2006. “Non-pollen Palynomorphs from Modern Alder Carrs and their Potential for Interpreting Microfossil Data from Peat.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 141: 7–31. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, M. J. 2006. “New Records of Fungi from Orkney and Shetland.” Botanical Journal of Scotland 58 (1): 93–104. doi: 10.1080/03746600608685111
   Google Scholar
• Schiffer, M. B. 1987. Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schlütz, F., and L. S. Shumilovskikh. 2017. “Non-Pollen Palynomorphs Notes: 1. Type HdV-368 (Podospora-Type), Descriptions of Associated Species, and the First Key to Related Spore Types.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 239: 47–54. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. 1992. “Environmental Implications and Origin of Microscopic Pseudoschizaea Thiergart and Frantz Ex R. Potonié emend. In Sediments.” Journal of Biogeography 19: 349–354. doi: 10.2307/2845562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahack-Gross, R. 2011. “Herbivorous Livestock Dung: Formation, Taphonomy, Methods for Identification, and Archaeological Significance.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 205–218. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahack-Gross, R., R. M. Albert, A. Gilboa, O. Nagar-Hilman, I. Sharon, and S. Weiner. 2005. “Geoarchaeology in an Urban Context: The Uses of Space in a Phoenician Monumental Building at Tel Dor (Israel).” Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 1417–1431. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahack-Gross, R., and I. Finkelstein. 2008. “Subsistence Practices in an Arid Environment: A Geoarchaeological Investigation in an Iron Age Site, the Negev Highlands, Israel.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 965–982. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.06.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahack-Gross, R., F. Marshall, and S. Weiner. 2003. “Geo-ethnoarchaeology of Pastoral Sites: The Identification of Livestock Enclosures in Abandoned Maasai Settlements.” Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 439–459. doi: 10.1006/jasc.2002.0853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahack-Gross, R., A. Simons, and S. H. Ambrose. 2008. “Identification of Pastoral Sites Using Stable Nitrogen and Carbon Isotopes from Bulk Sediment Samples: A Case Study in Modern and Archaeological Pastoral Settlements in Kenya.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 983–990. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumilovskikh, L. S., M. Seeliger, S. Feuser, E. Novenko, F. Schlütz, A. Pint, F. Pirson, and H. Brückner. 2016. “The Harbour of Elaia: A Palynological Archive for Human Environmental Interactions During the Last 7500 Years.” Quaternary Science Reviews 149: 167–187. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thienpont, D., F. Riochette, and O. F. J. Vanparijs. 1979. Diagnosing Helminthiasis Through Coprological Examination. Bersee: Janssen Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Traverse, A. 1998. Paleopalynology. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• van Asperen, E. N., J. R. Kirby, and C. O. Hunt. 2016. “The Effect of Preparation Methods on Dung Fungal Spores: Implications for Recognition of Megafaunal Populations.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 229: 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Geel, B., and A. Aptroot. 2006. “Fossil Ascomycetes in Quaternary Deposits.” Nova Hedwigia 82 (3-4): 313–329. doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0082-0313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Geel, B., J. Buurman, O. Brinkkemper, J. Schelvis, A. Aptroot, G. B. A. van Reenen, and T. Hakbijl. 2003. “Environmental Reconstruction of a Roman Period Settlement Site in Uitgeest (The Netherlands), with Special Reference to Coprophilous Fungi.” Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 873–883. doi: 10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00265-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergès, J. M., A. Burguet-Coca, E. Allué, I. Expósito, M. Guardiola, P. Martín, J. I. Morales, et al. 2016. “The Mas del Pepet Experimental Programme for the Study of Prehistoric Livestock Practices: Preliminary Data from Dung Burning.” Quaternary International 414: 304–315. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergès, J. M., and J. I. Morales. 2016. “Polished Walls as Indirect Evidence of Both the Use of Caves and Stone Enclosures as Livestock Folds and Dung Management Strategies: Ethnological and Archaeological Examples.” Quaternary International 414: 330–336. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watling, R., and M. J. Richardson. 2010. “Coprophilous Fungi of the Falkland Islands.” Edinburgh Journal of Botany 67 (3): 399–423. doi: 10.1017/S0960428610000156
   Google Scholar
• Wicklow, D. T. 1992. “The Coprophilous Fungal Community: An Experimental System.” In The Fungal Community. Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, edited by G. C. Carrol, and D. T. Wicklow, 715–728. New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. R., and J. M. Wilmshurst. 2013. “Accumulation Rates or Percentages? How to Quantify Sporormiella and Other Coprophilous Fungal Spores to Detect Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinction Events.” Quaternary Science Reviews 77: 1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar