Unconventional shale gas development: challenges for environmental policy and EA practice

References

• Akob DM, Cozarelli IM, Dunlop DS, Rowan EL, Lorah ML. 2015. Organic and inorganic composition and microbiology of produced waters from Pennsylvania shale gas wells. Appl Geochem. 60:116–125.10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D Arent, J Logan, J MacKnick, W Boyd, KIII Medlock III, F O’Sullivan, J Edmonds, LClarke, H Huntington, G Heath, P Statwick, M Bazilian. 2015. A review of water and greenhouse gas impacts of unconventional natural gas development in the U.S. MRS Energy Sustainability: A Rev J, 2:1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson G, Assatourians K, Cheadle B, Craig W. 2015. Ground Motions from Three Recent Earthquakes in Western Alberta and Northeastern British Columbia and their Implications for Induced Seismicity Hazards in the Eastern Region. Seismol Res Lett. 86:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantley S. 2015. Drinking water while hydraulic fracturing: now and in the future. Groundwater. 53:21–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [CCST] California Council on Science and Technology. 2015. An independent scientific assessment of well stimulation in California .Vol II. Potential environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing and acid stimulations. Sacramento, CA: Laurence Berkeley National Laboratory; p. 481.
   Google Scholar
• Casey JA, Ogburn EL, Rasmussen SG, Irving JK, Pollak J, Locke PA, Schwartz BS. 2015. Predictors of indoor radon concentrations in Pennsylvania 1989–2013. Environmental Health Perspectives. 123:1–31. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley H, Donnelly K. 2012. Hydraulic fracturing and water resources. Separating the Frack from the Fiction. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Cluff MA, Hartsock A, MacRae JD, Carter K, Mouser PJ. 2014. Temporal changes in microbial ecology and geochemistry in produced water from hydraulically fractured Marcellus shale gas wells. Environ Sci Technol. 48:6508–6517.10.1021/es501173p
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colborne TC, Kwiatkowski K Schultz, Bachran M. 2011. Natural gas operations from a public health perspective. Human and ecological risk assessment. 17:1039–1056.10.1080/10807039.2011.605662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [CCA] Council of Canadian Academics. 2014. En1130-1137. Environmental impacts of shale gas extraction in Canada: the expert panel on harnessing science and technology to understand the impacts of shale gas extraction. Ottawa: The Council of Canadian Academies; p. 262.
   Google Scholar
• Darrah TH, Jackson RB, Vengosh A, Warner NR, Poreda RJ. 2015. Noble gases: a new technique for fugitive gas investigation of groundwater. Groundwater. 53:24–28.
   Google Scholar
• Davies RJ, Almond S, Ward RS, Jackson RB, Adams C, Worrall F, Herringshaw LG, Gluyes JG, Whitehead ME. 2014. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation. Mar Petrol Geol. 56:238–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth WL. 2013. Injection-induced earthquakes. Science. 341:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EY. 2015. Review of British Columbia’s hydraulic fracturing regulatory framework. [place unknown]: [Publisher unknown]; 129 p.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrar kJ, Mechanowicz DR, Christen CL, Mulcahy N, Malone SM, Sharma RK. 2013. Assessment of effluent contaminants from three facilities discharging Marcellus shale wastewaters to surface waters in Pennsylvania. Environ Sci Technol. 47:3472–3481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein BD, Brooks BW, Cohen SD, Gates AE, Honeycutt ME, Morris JB, Orme-Zavaleta J, Penning TM, Snawder J. 2014. The role of toxicological science in meeting the challenges and opportunities of hydraulic fracturing. Toxicol Sci. 139:271–283.10.1093/toxsci/kfu061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes T. 2009. Sampling and analysis of water streams associated with the development of the Marcellus shale gas. Final Report to the Marcellus Shale Coalition. Des Plaines, IL: [publisher unknown]; p. 249.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg J, Robert KH. 2000. Backcasting – a framework for strategic planning. Int J Sust Dev World Ecol. 7:291–308.10.1080/13504500009470049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth RW, Santoro R, Ingraffea A. 2011. Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations. Clim Change. 106:670–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley GV, Barnes JL, Thillet M. 2013. Environmental risk assessment: methodological framework for focused environmental assessment. Presented at 33rd Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment; 2013 May 13–16; Calgary, Canada: Calgary Stampede BMO Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson RB, Vengosh A, Carey JW, Davies RJ, Darrah TH, O’Sullivan F, Pétron G. 2014. Environmental costs and benefits of hydraulic fracturing. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 39:327–362.10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-144051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RB, Lowry ER, Pickle A, Kany M, DiGiulio D, Zhao K. 2015. The depths of hydraulic fracturing and water use across the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 49:8969–8976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekacs D, Drollette BD, Brooker M, Plata DL, Mouser PJ. 2015. Aerobic biodegradation of organic compounds in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Biodegradation. 26:271–287.10.1007/s10532-015-9733-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JC, Bryan JK, Clarke M. 2012. Factual causation: the missing link in hydraulic fracture-groundwater contamination litigation. Duke Envtl Law & Policy Forum. 22:341–360.
   Google Scholar
• Krupnick AJ, Kopp RJ, Hayes K, Roeshot S. 2014. The natural gas revolution. Critical questions for a sustainable energy future. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Kunreuther H, Slovic P. 1996. Science, values and risk. Annals Am Acad Pol and Soc Sci, in Risk Assessment and Risk Management. 545:116–125.10.1177/0002716296545001012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusnetz N. 2011 Dec 28. Oh, Canada’s become a home for record Fracking. Pro Publica. [cited 2016 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.propublica.org/article/oh-canadas-become-a-home-for-record-fracking.
   Google Scholar
• Lalanilla M. 2015 January 23. Facts about Fracking. Livescience. [cited 2016 April 19]. Available from http://www.livescience.com/34464-what-is-fracking.html
   Google Scholar
• Laurance WF, Nascimento HEM, Laurance HG, Andrade A, Ewers RM, Harms KE, Luizâo RC, Ribeiro JE. 2007. Habitat fragmentation, variable edge effects, and the landscape-divergence hypothesis. PLoS One. 10: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Linley D. 2011. Hydraulic fracturing under pressure. The social and environmental impacts of shale gas development. [no place of publication]: Sustainalytics.
   Google Scholar
• Long S. 2008. What’s in that fracking fluid? The River Reporter. 34:1–2.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie LM, Witter RZ, Newman LS, Adgate JL. 2012. Human health risk assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources. Sci Total Environ. 424:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan AM, Harstock A, Bibby kJ, Hammack RW, Vidic RD, Gregory KB. 2013. Microbial community changes in hydraulic fracturing fluids and produced water from shale gas extraction. Environ Sci Technol. 47:13141–13150.10.1021/es402928b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molofsky LJ, Connor JA, Wylie AS, Wagner T, Farhat SK. 2013. Evaluation of methane sources in groundwater in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Groundwater. 51:333–349.10.1111/gwat.2013.51.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney C. 2011. The truth about hydraulic fracturing. Sci Am. 80–85.10.1038/scientificamerican1111-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran MD, Cox AB, Wells RL, Benichou HCC, McClung MR. 2015. Loss and modification due to gas development in the Fayetteville Shale. Environ Manage. 55:1276–1284.10.1007/s00267-014-0440-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicot JP, Hebel AK, Ritter SM, Walden S, Baier R, Galusky P, Beach J, Kyle R, Symank I, Breton C. 2011. Current and projected water use in the Texas mining and oil and gas industry. Austin, TX: Prepared for the Texas Water Development Board. http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/rwpg/rpgm_rpts/0904830939_MiningWaterUse.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Noble B. 2008. Strategic approaches to regional cumulative effects assessment. A case study of the Great Sand Hills, Canada. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 26:78–90.10.3152/146155108X316405
   Google Scholar
• [NSE] Nova Scotia Environment. 2008. Environmental best management practices for formation water from coal bed methane exploration and production activities. [place of publication unknown].
   Google Scholar
• Orem W, Tatu C, Varonka M, Lerch H, Bates A, Engle M, Crosby L, McIntosh J. 2014. Organic substances in produced and formation water from unconventional natural gas extraction in coal and shale. Int J Coal Geol. 126:20–31.10.1016/j.coal.2014.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker KM, Zeng T, Harkness J, Vengosh A, Mitch WA. 2014. Enhanced formation of disinfection byproducts in shale gas wastewater-impacted drinking water supplies. Environ Sci Technol. 48:11161–11169.10.1021/es5028184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Peña R. 2015 April 23. U.S. Maps Pinpoint Earthquakes Linked to Quest for Oil and Gas. New York Times [Internet]. [Cited 2015 April 24]. Research: [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/us-maps-areas-of-increased-earthquakes-from-human-activity.html?emc=edit_th_20150424&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=53434728&_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Perry SL. 2012. Addressing the societal costs of unconventional oil and gas exploration and production: a framework for evaluating short-term future and cumulative risks of hydrofracking. Environ Practice. 14:352–365.10.1017/S1466046612000336
   Google Scholar
• Petersen MD, Mueller CS, Moschetti MP, Hoover SM, Rubinstein JL, Llenos AL, Michael AJ, Ellsworth WL, McGarr AF, Holland A, Anderson JG. 2015. Incorporating induced seismicity in the 2014 United States National Seismic Hazard Model—Results of 2014 workshop and sensitivity studies. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1070; p. 69, Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151070.
   Google Scholar
• Powers M, Saberi P, Pepino R, Strupp E, Bugos E, Cannusccio CC. 2015. Popular epidemiology and “fracking”: citizens’ concerns regarding the economic, environmental, health and social impacts of unconventional natural gas drilling operations. J Community Health. 40:534–541.10.1007/s10900-014-9968-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahm BG, Siha SJ. 2012. Towards strategic management of shale gas development: regional, collective impacts on water resources. Environ Sci Pol. 17:12–23.10.1016/j.envsci.2011.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson J. 2003. Future subjunctive. Backcasting as social learning. Futures. 35:839–856.10.1016/S0016-3287(03)00039-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers H. 2011. Shale gas – the unfolding story. Oxf Rev Econ Pol. 27:117–143.10.1093/oxrep/grr004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy A, Adams PJ, Robinson AL. 2014. Air pollutant concentration from the development, production and processing of Marcellus Shale natural gas. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 61:19–37.
   Google Scholar
• Rozell DJ, Reaven SJ. 2011. Water pollution risk associated with natural gas extraction in Marcellus Shale. Risk Analysis. 1539–6924.
   Google Scholar
• Shih JS, Saiers JE, Anisfeld AC, Chu Z, Muehlenbachs LA, Olmstead S. 2015. Characterisation and analysis of liquid waste from Marcellus Shale development. Environ Sci Technol. 49:9557–9565.10.1021/acs.est.5b01780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonkoff SBC, Hays J, Finkel SL. 2014. Environmental public health dimensions of shale and tight gas development. Environ Health Persp. 122:787–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieminski, A. 2014. Energy Outlook or Government of Canada. Paper presented in Ottawa, Canada, 21 July.
   Google Scholar
• Slovic P. 1999. Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: surveying the risk-assessment battlefield. Risk Analysis. 19:689–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small MJ, Stern PC, Bomberg E, Christopherson SM, Goldstein BD, Israel AL, Jackson RB, Krupnick A, Mauter MS, Nash J, et al. 2014. Risks and Risk Governance in Unconventional Shale Gas Development. Environ Sci Technol. 48:8289–8297.10.1021/es502111u
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart RB. 2011. Environmental regulatory decision making under uncertainty. Paper presented at University College London Symposium on the Law & Economics of Environmental Policy, London, September 5–7.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart BW, Capo RC, Kirby CS. 2015. Geochemistry of unconventional shale gas from formation to extraction: Petrogenesis, hydraulic fracturing and environmental impacts. Appl Geochem. 60:1–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoiber T, Walker B, Allayaud B. 2015. California’s toxic hydraulic fracturing fluids. The chemical recipe. Washington: EWG; p. 35.
   Google Scholar
• Strong L, Gould T, Kasinkas L, Sadowsky M, Aksan A, Wackett L. 2014. Biodegradation in waters from hydraulic fracturing: chemistry, microbiology, and engineering. J Environ Eng. B4013001:1–16. Available from http://dx.doi.org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000792
   Google Scholar
• Therivel R, Ross B. 2007. Cumulative effects assessment. Does scale matter? Environ Impact Asses Rev. 27:365–385.10.1016/j.eiar.2007.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gelder S. 2016 Mar 16. In North Dakota’s Booming Oil Patch, One Tribe Beat Back Fracking. AlterNet. [cited 2016 March 16]. Available from: http://www.alternet.org/environment/tribe-beats-back-fracking-north-dakota.
   Google Scholar
• Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Warner N, Darrah TH, Kondash A. 2014. A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 48:8334–8348.10.1021/es405118y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidic RD, Brantley SL, Vandenbossche JM, Yoxtheimer D, Abad JD. 2013. Impact of shale gas development on regional water quality. Science. 340. doi: 10.1126/science.1235009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner NRCA, Christie RBJ, Vengosh A. 2013. Impacts of shale gas wastewater disposal on water quality in Western Pennsylvania. Environ Sci Technol. 47:11849–11857.10.1021/es402165b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemkiewicz PF, He YT. 2015. Evolution of water chemistry during Marcellus Shale gas development: a case study in West Virginia. Chemosphere. 134:224–231.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoback MD, Arent DJ. 2014. Shale gas development: opportunities and challenges. The Bridge. 44:16–23.
   Google Scholar