Publication Cover
Tourism Geographies
An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment
Volume 9, 2007 - Issue 2
572
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Problem of ‘Guanxi’ for Actualizing Community Tourism: A Case Study of Relationship Networking in China

, &
Pages 115-138 | Published online: 30 Apr 2007

References

  • Alston , J. P. 1989 . Wa, guanxi, and inhwa: managerial principles in Japan, China, and Korea . Business Horizons , 32 ( 2 ) : 26 – 31 .
  • Ambler , T. , Styles , C. and Wang , X. C. 1999 . The effect of channel relationships and guanxi on the performance of inter-province export ventures in the People's Republic of China . International Journal of Research in Marketing , 16 : 75 – 87 .
  • Bian , Y. 1994 . Guanxi and the allocation of urban jobs in China . The China Quarterly , 140 : 971 – 999 .
  • Bian , Y. 1999 . “ Getting a job through a web of guanxi in China ” . In Networks in the Global Village: Life in Contemporary Communities , Edited by: Wellman , B. 255 – 278 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
  • Bian , Y. and Ang , S. 1997 . Guanxi networks and job mobility in China and Singapore . Social Forces , 75 ( 3 ) : 981 – 1005 .
  • Boyd , S. and Singh , S. 2003 . “ Destination communities: structures, resources and types ” . In Tourism in Destination Communities , Edited by: Singh , S. , Timothy , D. J. and Dowling , R. K. 19 – 33 . Cambridge, MA : CABI Publishing .
  • Bramwell , B. and Sharman , A. 2000 . “ Approaches to sustainable tourism planning and community participation: the case of the Hope Valley ” . In Tourism and Sustainable Community Development , Edited by: Greg , R. and Hall , D. 17 – 35 . London : Routledge .
  • Butler , R. W. 1980 . The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: implications for the management of resources . Canadian Geographer , 24 ( 1 ) : 5 – 12 .
  • Chen , X. P. and Chen , C. C. 2004 . On the intricacies of the Chinese guanxi: a process model of guanxi development . Asia Pacific Journal of Management , 21 : 305 – 324 .
  • Clarkson , M. B. E. 1995 . A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance . Academy of Management Review , 20 ( 1 ) : 92 – 117 .
  • Cohen , J. H. 2001 . Textile, tourism and community development . Annals of Tourism Research , 28 ( 2 ) : 378 – 398 .
  • Davies , H. , Leung , K. P. , Luk , T. K. and Wong , Y. H. 1995 . The benefits of ‘guanxi’: the value of relationships in developing the Chinese market . Industrial Marketing Management , 24 : 207 – 214 .
  • Fallon , F. 2001 . Conflict, power and tourism on Lombok . Current Issues in Tourism , 4 ( 6 ) : 481 – 502 .
  • Fallon , L. D. and Kriwoken , L. K. 2003 . Community involvement in tourism infrastructure: the case of the Strahan Visitor Centre, Tasmania . Tourism Management , 24 ( 3 ) : 289 – 308 .
  • Fan , Y. 2002a . Questioning guanxi: definition, classification and implications . International Business Review , 11 : 543 – 561 .
  • Fan , Y. 2002b . Guanxi's consequences: personal gains at social cost . Journal of Business Ethics , 38 : 371 – 380 .
  • Geddie , M. W. , Defranco , A. L. and Geddie , M. F. . A content analysis on customer relationship marketing and Guanxi . Proceedings Tourism in Asia: Development, Marketing & Sustainability the Fifth Biennial Conference, May 23–25 . Hong Kong : School of Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University .
  • Gibb , A. and Li , J. 2003 . Organizing for enterprise in China: what can we learn from the Chinese micro, small, and medium enterprise development experience . Futures , 35 : 403 – 421 .
  • Gold , T. B. 1985 . After comradeship: personal relations in China since the Cultural Revolution . The China Quarterly , 104 : 657 – 675 .
  • Gold , T. , Guthrie , D. and Wank , D. 2002 . Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Gunn , C. A. 1994 . Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases, , 3rd edn , Washington, D.C. : Taylor & Francis .
  • Guthrie , D. 2002 . “ Information asymmetries and the problem of perception: the significance of structural position in assessing the importance of guanxi in China ” . In Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi , Edited by: Gold , T. , Guthrie , D. and Wank , D. 37 – 56 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hackley , C. A. and Dong , Q. 2001 . American public relations networking encounters China's guanxi . Public Relations Quarterly , 46 : 16 – 19 .
  • Hatton , M. J. 1999 . Community-Based Tourism in the Asia-Pacific , Toronto : School of Media Studies at Humber College .
  • Haywood , K. M. 1988 . Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community . Tourism Management , 9 ( 2 ) : 105 – 118 .
  • Horn , C. and Simmons , D. 2002 . Community adaptation to tourism: comparisons between Rotorua and Kaikoura, New Zealand . Tourism Management , 23 ( 2 ) : 133 – 143 .
  • Hsu , C. L. 2005 . Capitalism without contracts versus capitalists without capitalism: comparing the influence of Chinese guanxi and Russian blat on marketization . Communist and Post-Communist Studies , 38 ( 3 ) : 309 – 327 .
  • Hwang , K. 1987 . Face and favour: the Chinese power game . American Journal of Sociology , 92 ( 4 ) : 944 – 974 .
  • Inskeep , E. 1991 . Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Jacobs , J. B. 1979 . A preliminary model of particularistic ties in Chinese political alliances: kan-chi'ing and kuan-hsi in a rural Taiwanese township . The China Quarterly , 78 : 237 – 273 .
  • Jacobs , J. B. 1982 . “ The concept of guanxi and local politics in a rural Chinese cultural setting ” . In Social Interaction in Chinese Society , Edited by: Greenblatt , S. L. , Wilson , R. W. and Wilson , A. A. 209 – 236 . New York : Praeger .
  • Jamal , T. B. and Getz , D. 1995 . Collaboration theory and community tourism planning . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 1 ) : 186 – 204 .
  • Jiangcun Tourism Company Ltd and Jiangcun Village Committee . 2001 . Lease Agreement on the Development Right of Jinao Mountain, Jiangcun Village [in Chinese]
  • Jones , H. 1990 . Social Welfare in Third World Development , Basingstoke : Macmillan Education .
  • Keller , C. P. 1987 . Stages of peripheral tourism development – Canada's Northwest territories . Tourism Management , 8 ( 1 ) : 20 – 32 .
  • Keogh , B. 1990 . Public participation in community tourism planning . Annals of Tourism Research , 17 ( 3 ) : 449 – 465 .
  • King , A. Y. 1991 . Kuan-hsi and network building . Daedalus , 120 ( 2 ) : 63 – 84 .
  • Kipnis , A. B. 1997 . Producing Guanxi: Sentiment, Self, and Subculture in a North China Village , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
  • Kipnis , A. B. 2002 . “ Practices of guanxi production and practices of ganqing avoidance ” . In Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi , Edited by: Gold , T. , Guthrie , D. and Wank , D. 21 – 36 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Lew , A. A. and Wong , A. 2004 . “ Sojourners, guanxi and clan associations ” . In Tourism, Diasporas and Space , Edited by: Coles , T. and Timothy , D. J. 202 – 214 . London : Routledge .
  • Li , W. 2006 . Community decision-making participation in development . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 1 ) : 132 – 143 .
  • Li , Y. 2004a . Exploring community tourism in China: the case of Nanshan Cultural Tourism Zone . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 2 ( 3 ) : 175 – 193 .
  • Li , Y. 2004b . A study of community tourism in Hainan Province, China . The Deccan Geographer , 42 ( 2 ) : 51 – 64 .
  • Lin , N. 2001 . “ Guanxi: a conceptual analysis ” . In The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: Comparative Institutional Analyses , Edited by: So , A. Y. , Lin , N. and Poston , D. 153 – 166 . Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press .
  • Luo , Y. 1997 . Guanxi and performance of foreign-invested enterprises in China: an empirical inquiry . Management International Review , 37 ( 1 ) : 51 – 70 .
  • Luo , Y. 2000 . Guanxi and Business , Singapore : World Scientific .
  • Luo , Y. and Chen , M. 1997 . Dose guanxi influence firm performance? . Asia Pacific Journal of Management , 14 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
  • Mann , M. 2000 . The Community Tourism Guide: Exciting Holidays for Responsible Travelers , London : Earthscan .
  • McCool , S. F. and Moisey , R. N. 2001 . “ Introduction: pathways and pitfalls in the search for sustainable tourism ” . In Tourism, Recreation, and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment , Edited by: McCool , S. F. and Moisey , R. N. 1 – 16 . Wallingford : CABI Publishing .
  • Mitchell , R. E. and Reid , D. G. 2001 . Community integration: island tourism in Peru . Annals of Tourism Research , 28 ( 1 ) : 113 – 139 .
  • Murphy , P. E. 1985 . Tourism: A Community Approach , New York : Methuen .
  • Murphy , P. E. 1988 . Community driven tourism planning . Tourism Management , 9 ( 2 ) : 96 – 104 .
  • Murphy , P. E. and Murphy , A. E. 2004 . Strategic Management for Tourism Communities: Bridging the Gaps , Buffalo : Channel View Publications .
  • Overholt , W. 1993 . China: The Next Economic Superpower , New York : Norton .
  • Pan , G. W. and Faulker , B. . Guanxi and business network relationships associated with the Chinese outbound tourism market to Australia . Proceedings Tourism in Asia: Development, Marketing & Sustainability the Fifth Biennial Conference, May 23–25 . Hong Kong : School of Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University .
  • Pearce , J. A. and Robinson , R. B. 2000 . Cultivating guanxi as a foreign investor strategy . Business Horizons , 43 ( 1 ) : 31 – 38 .
  • People's Government of Jingde County . 2001 . Agreement on the Development Right of Jiangcun Village Historic and Cultural Reserve [in Chinese]
  • Prentice , R. 1993 . Community-driven tourism planning and residents' preferences . Tourism Management , 14 ( 3 ) : 218 – 227 .
  • Redding , S. G. 1990 . The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism , Berlin : W. de Gruyter .
  • Reid , D. G. , Mair , H. and George , W. 2004 . Community tourism planning: a self-assessment instrument . Annals of Tourism Research , 31 ( 3 ) : 623 – 639 .
  • Richards , G. and Hall , D. 2000 . “ The community: a sustainable concept in tourism development ” . In Tourism and Sustainable Community Development , Edited by: Richards , G. and Hall , D. 1 – 14 . New York : Routledge .
  • Scheyvens , R. 1999 . Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities . Tourism Management , 20 ( 2 ) : 245 – 249 .
  • Scheyvens , R. 2003 . “ Local involvement in managing tourism ” . In Tourism in Destination Communities , Edited by: Singh , S. , Timothy , D. J. and Dowling , R. K. 229 – 252 . Cambridge, MA : CABI Publishing .
  • Seligman , S. D. 1999 . Guanxi: grease for the wheels of China . The China Business Review , 26 ( 5 ) : 34 – 38 .
  • Sethi , P. 1999 . Handbook of Sustainable Tourism , New Delhi : Anmol Publications .
  • Sheehan , L. R. and Ritchie , J. R. B. 2005 . Destination stakeholders: exploring identity and salience . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 3 ) : 711 – 734 .
  • Simmons , D. G. 1994 . Community participation in tourism planning . Tourism Management , 15 ( 2 ) : 98 – 108 .
  • Singh , S. , Timothy , D. J. and Dowling , R. K. 2003 . “ Tourism and destination communities ” . In Tourism in Destination Communities , Edited by: Singh , S. , Timothy , D. J. and Dowling , R. K. 3 – 17 . Cambridge, MA : CABI Publishing .
  • Standifird , S. S. and Marshall , R. S. 2000 . The transaction cost advantage of guanxi-based business practices . Journal of World Business , 35 ( 1 ) : 21 – 42 .
  • Swarbrooke , J. 1999 . Sustainable Tourism Management , New York : CABI Publishing .
  • Taylor , G. 1995 . The Community approach: does it really work . Tourism Management , 16 ( 7 ) : 487 – 489 .
  • Timothy , D. J. 1999 . Participatory planning: a view of tourism in Indonesia . Annals of Tourism Research , 26 ( 2 ) : 371 – 391 .
  • Tosun , C. 2000 . Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries . Tourism Management , 21 ( 6 ) : 613 – 633 .
  • Tosun , C. 2005 . Expected nature of community participation in tourism development . Tourism Management , 27 ( 3 ) : 493 – 504 .
  • Tsang , W. K. 1998 . Can guanxi be a source of sustained competitive advantages for doing business in China . The Academy of Management Executive , 12 ( 2 ) : 64 – 73 .
  • Wank , D. L. 1995 . “ Bureaucratic patronage and private business: changing networks of power in urban China ” . In The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary , Edited by: Walder , A. G. 153 – 183 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Wight , P. 1998 . “ Tools for sustainability analysis in planning and managing tourism and recreation in the destination ” . In Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective , Edited by: Hall , C. M. and Lew , A. A. 75 – 91 . Essex : Addison Wesley Longman .
  • Wong , Y. H. 1998 . The dynamics of guanxi in China . Singapore Management Review , 20 ( 2 ) : 25 – 42 .
  • Woodley , A. 1993 . “ Tourism and sustainable development: the community perspective ” . In Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing , Edited by: Nelson , J. G. , Butler , R. and Wall , G. 135 – 146 . Waterloo : Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo .
  • Xin , K. R. and Pearce , J. L. 1996 . Guanxi: connections as substitutes for formal institutional support . Academy of Management Journal , 39 ( 6 ) : 1641 – 1658 .
  • Yan , Y. 1996 . The culture of guanxi in a North China village . The China Journal , 35 : 1 – 25 .
  • Yang , M. M. 1994 . Gifts, Favors and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China , New York : Cornell University, Ithaca .
  • Yang , M. M. 2002 . The resilience of guanxi and its new developments: a critique of some new guanxi scholarship . The China Quarterly , 170 : 459 – 476 .
  • Yeung , I. Y. M. and Tung , R. L. 1996 . Achieving business success in Confucian society: the importance of guanxi (connections) . Organizational Dynamics , 25 ( 2 ) : 54 – 65 .
  • Yi , L. M. and Ellis , P. 2000 . Insider–outsider perspectives of guanxi, . Business Horizons , 43 : 25 – 30 .
  • Zhang , X. and Li , G. 2003 . Does guanxi matter to nonfarm employment? . Journal of Comparative Economics , 31 ( 2 ) : 315 – 331 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.