195
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Who blames Brexit for their decision to leave the UK? The departure of skilled Germans from Britain after the referendum

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 668-689 | Received 02 Sep 2022, Accepted 08 May 2023, Published online: 23 May 2023

References

  • Arnorsson, A. and Zoega, G. (2018) ‘On the causes of Brexit’, European Journal of Political Economy 55: 301–23.
  • Auer, D. and Tetlow, D. (2022) ‘Brexit, uncertainty and migration decisions’, International Migration : 1–16.
  • Becker, G. S. (1975) Human Capital, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Benedi Lahuerta, S. and Iusmen, I. (2021) ‘EU nationals’ vulnerability in the context of Brexit: The case of Polish nationals’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47: 284–306.
  • Benson, M., Sigona, N., Zambelli, E. and Craven, C. (2022) ‘From the state of the art to new directions in researching what Brexit means for migration and migrants’, Migration Studies 10: 374–90.
  • Blanchflower, D. G. and Lawton, H. (2010) ‘The impact of the recent expansion of the EU on the UK labour market’, in M. Kahanec and K. F. Zimmermann (eds.), EU Labor Markets After Post-Enlargement Migration, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 181–215.
  • Brahic, B. and Lallement, M. (2020) ‘From ‘expats’ to ‘migrants’: Strategies of resilience among French movers in post-Brexit Manchester’, Migration and Development 9: 8–24.
  • Brauns, H. and Steinmann, S. (1999) ‘Educational reform in France, West-Germany and the United Kingdom. Updating the CASMIN educational Classification’, ZUMA-Nachrichten 23: 7–44.
  • Caron, L. and Ichou, M. (2020) ‘High selection, low success: The heterogeneous effect of migrants’ access to employment on their remigration’, International Migration Review 54: 1104–33.
  • Cassarino, J.-P. (2004) ‘Theorising return migration: A revisited conceptual approach to return migrants’, International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6: 253–79.
  • Constant, A. and Massey, D. S. (2002) ‘Return migration by German guestworkers: neoclassical versus new economic theories’, International Migration 40: 5–38.
  • Constant, A. F., Nottmeyer, O. and Zimmermann, K. F. (2013) ‘The economics of circular migration’, in A. F. Constant and K. F. Zimmerman (eds.), The International Handbook on the Economics of Migration, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 55–74.
  • Currie, S. (2016) ‘Reflecting on Brexit: Migration myths and what comes next for EU migrants in the UK?’, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 38: 337–42.
  • Currle, E. (2006) ‘Theorieansätze zur Erklärung von Rückkehr und Remigration’, Sozialwissenschaftlicher Fachinformationsdienst 2006/2: 7–23.
  • Czaika, M. (2014) ‘Migration and economic prospects’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41: 58–82.
  • de Haas, H. and Fokkema, T. (2011) ‘The effects of integration and transnational ties on international return migration intentions’, Demographic Research 25: 755–82.
  • Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and van Reenen, J. (2016) ‘The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards’, in H. Breinlich, S. Dhingra, S. Estrin, H. Huang, G. Ottaviano, T. Sampson, J. van Reenen and J. Wadsworth (eds.), Brexit 2016. Policy analysis from the Centre for Economic Performance, London: Centre for Economic Performance, pp. 12–23.
  • Diehl, C., Liebau, E. and Mühlau, P. (2021) ‘How often have you felt disadvantaged? Explaining perceived discrimination’, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 73: 1–24.
  • Duda-Mikulin, E. A. (2020) ‘Gendered migrations and precarity in the post-Brexit-vote UK: The case of Polish women as workers and carers’, Migration and Development 9: 92–110.
  • Dustmann, C. and Weiss, Y. (2007) ‘Return migration: Theory and empirical evidence from the UK’, British Journal of Industrial Relations 45: 236–56.
  • Engler, M., Erlinghagen, M., Ette, A., Sauer, L., Scheller, F., Schneider, J. and Schultz, C. (2015) International Mobil. Motive, Rahmenbedingungen und Folgen der Aus- und Rückwanderung deutscher Staatsbürger, Berlin: SVR, BiB, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
  • Erlinghagen, M., Schneider, N. F. and Ette, A. (2021) German emigration and remigration panel study (GERPS) 2018. GESIS Datenarchiv, Köln. ZA7583 Datenfile Version 2.0.0.
  • Ette, A., Décieux, J. P., Erlinghagen, M., Genoni, A., Guedes Auditor, J., Knirsch, F., Kühne, S., Mörchen, L., Sand, M., Schneider, N. F. and Witte, N. (2020) German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS): Methodology and Data Manual of the Baseline Survey (Wave 1), Wiesbaden: Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung.
  • Ette, A., Décieux, J. P., Erlinghagen, M., Guedes Auditor, J., Sander, N., Schneider, N. F. and Witte, N. (2021) ‘Surveying across borders: The experiences of the German emigration and remigration panel Study’, in M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider and N. Witte (eds.), The Global Lives of German Migrants. Consequences of International Migration Across the Life Course, Cham: Springer, pp. 21–39.
  • Ette, A. and Erlinghagen, M. (2021) ‘Structures of German emigration and remigration: Historical developments and demographic Patterns’, in M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider and N. Witte (eds.), The Global Lives of German Migrants. Consequences of International Migration Across the Life Course, Cham: Springer, pp. 43–63.
  • Ette, A. and Sauer, L. (2010) Auswanderung aus Deutschland. Daten und Analysen zur Internationalen Migration Deutscher Staatsbürger, Wiesbaden: VS.
  • Ette, A. and Witte, N. (2021) ‘Brain drain or brain circulation? Economic and non-economic factors driving the international migration of German citizens’, in M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider and N. Witte (eds.), The Global Lives of German Migrants. Consequences of International Migration Across the Life Course, Cham: Springer, pp. 65–83.
  • Fries-Tersch, E., Jones, M., Böök, B., Keyser, L. d. and Tugran, T. (2020) 2019 Annual Report on Intra-EU Labour Mobility, Luxembourg: European Union.
  • Fries-Tersch, E., Tugran, T., Markowska, A. and Jones, M. (2019) 2018 Annual Report on Intra-EU Labour Mobility, Luxembourg: European Union.
  • Genoni, A. (2022) Status and Ethnic Identity. A Study on First- and Second-Generation Migrants in Germany, Opladen, Berlin, Toronto: Barbara Budrich.
  • Ghosh, B. (2000) ‘Return Migration: Reshaping Policy Approaches’, in B. Ghosh (ed.), Return Migration: Journey of Hope or Despair?, Genf: UN, pp. 181–226.
  • Godin, M. and Sigona, N. (2022) ‘Intergenerational narratives of citizenship among EU citizens in the UK after the Brexit referendum’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 45: 1135–54.
  • Guma, T. and Jones, R. D. (2019) ‘“Where are we going to go now?” European union migrants' experiences of hostility, anxiety, and (non-)belonging during Brexit’, Population, Space and Place 25: e2198.
  • Haug, S. (2008) ‘Migration networks and migration decision-making’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34: 585–605.
  • Henderson, A., Jeffery, C., Wincott, D. and Wyn Jones, R. (2017) ‘How Brexit was made in England’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19: 613–46.
  • Hoppe, A. and Fujishiro, K. (2015) ‘Anticipated job benefits, career aspiration, and generalized self-efficacy as predictors for migration decision-making’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 47: 13–27.
  • Jensen, P. and Pedersen, P. J. (2008) ‘To stay or not to stay? Out-migration of immigrants from Denmark’, International Migration 45: 87–113.
  • Khalili, L. (2017) ‘After Brexit: reckoning with britain's racism and xenophobia’, Poem 5: 253–265.
  • Kierzenkowski, R., Pain, N., Rusticelli, E. and Zwart, S. (2016) ‘The economic consequences of Brexit: a taking decision’, OECD Economic Policy Papers 16: 1–36.
  • King, R. (1978) ‘Return migration: A neglected aspect of population geography’, Area 10: 175–82.
  • Korus, A. and Celebi, K. (2019) ‘The impact of Brexit news on British pound exchange rates’, International Economics and Economic Policy 16: 161–92.
  • Landesmann, M., Leitner, S. and Mara, I. (2015) ‘Should I stay, should I Go back or should I move further? Contrasting answers under diverse migration regimes’, WIIW Working Paper 111: 1–36.
  • Lu, M. (1999) ‘Do people move when they say they will?’, Population and Environment 20: 467–88.
  • Lulle, A., King, R., Dvorakova, V. and Szkudlarek, A. (2019) ‘Between disruptions and connections: “New” European union migrants in the United Kingdom before and after the Brexit’, Population, Space and Place 25: e2200.
  • Lulle, A., Moroşanu, L. and King, R. (2018) ‘And then came Brexit: Experiences and future plans of young EU migrants in the London region’, Population, Space and Place 24: e2122.
  • Manski, C. F. (1990) ‘The use of intentions data to predict behavior: A best-case analysis’, Journal of the American Statistical Association 85: 934–40.
  • Markova, E. and King, R. (2021) ‘Leave or remain? The post-Brexit (im)mobility intentions of Bulgarians in the United Kingdom’, European Urban and Regional Studies 28: 58–65.
  • Martin, P. (2009) ‘Recession and migration: A new era for labor migration?’, International Migration Review 43: 671–91.
  • Mazzilli, C. and King, R. (2019) ‘"What have I done to deserve this?”. Young Italian migrants in britian narrate thier reaction to brexit and plans to the future’, Rivista Geografica Italiana 125: 507–23.
  • McGhee, D., Moreh, C. and Vlachantoni, A. (2017) ‘An ‘undeliberate determinacy’? The changing migration strategies of Polish migrants in the UK in times of Brexit’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43: 2109–30.
  • Mohr, A. (2020) ‘When you're are not welcome anymore. Brexit vote, national cultural identity and the return intentions of self-initiated expatriates’, Working Paper, https://www.wu.ac.at/fileadmin/wu/h/press/Forschung/ROM/Mohr_Brexit_working_paper_January_2020.pdf.
  • Moore, H. (2013) ‘Shades of whiteness? English villagers, eastern European migrants and the intersection of race and class in rural England’, Critical Race and Whiteness Studies 9: 1–19.
  • Moreh, C., McGhee, D. and Vlachantoni, A. (2020) ‘The return of citizenship? An empirical assessment of legal integration in times of radical sociolegal transformation’, International Migration Review 54: 147–76.
  • Mulder, C. H. (1993) Migration Dynamics: A Life Course Approach, Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers.
  • Mulholland, J. and Ryan, L. (2022) ‘Advancing the embedding framework: Using longitudinal methods to revisit French highly skilled migrants in the context of Brexit’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49(3): 601–617.
  • Office for National Statistics UK (2020) Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration.
  • Portes, J. and Forte, G. (2017) ‘The economic impact of Brexit-induced reductions in migration’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 33: S31–S44.
  • Ramos, C. (2018) ‘Onward migration from Spain to London in times of crisis: The importance of life-course junctures in secondary migrations’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44: 1841–57.
  • Ranta, R. and Nancheva, N. (2019) ‘Unsettled: Brexit and European union nationals' sense of belonging’, Population, Space and Place 25: e2199.
  • Recchi, E. (2015) Mobile Europe: The Theory and Practice of Free Movement in the EU, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Ryan, L. (2015) ‘Another Year and Another Year’: Polish Migrants in London Extending the Stay Over Time, London: Middlesex University.
  • Rzepnikowska, A. (2019) ‘Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45: 61–77.
  • Salaff, J. W. (2013) ‘Return migration’, in S. J. Gold and S. J. Nawyn (eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies, Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 460–8.
  • Shachar, A. (2006) ‘The race for talent: Highly skilled migrants and competitive immigration regimes’, New York University Law Review 81(1): 148–206.
  • Sjaastad, L. A. (1962) ‘The costs and returns of human migration’, Journal of Political Economy 70: 80–93.
  • Snel, E., Faber, M. and Engbersen, G. (2015) ‘To stay or return? Explaining return intentions of central and eastern European labour migrants’, Central and Eastern European Migration Review 4: 5–24.
  • Sotkasiira, T. and Gawlewicz, A. (2021) ‘The politics of embedding and the right to remain in post-Brexit Britain’, Ethnicities 21: 23–41.
  • Sredanovic, D. (2021) ‘Brexit as a trigger and an obstacle to onwards and return migration’, International Migration 59: 93–108.
  • Steinmann, J.-P. (2019) ‘The paradox of integration: Why do higher educated new immigrants perceive more discrimination in Germany?’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45: 1377–400.
  • Tabor, A. S., Milfont, T. L. and Ward, C. (2015) ‘International migration decision-making and destination selection among skilled migrants’, Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 9: 28–41.
  • Turcatti, D. and Vargas-Silva, C. (2022) ‘“I returned to being an immigrant”: Onward latin American migrants and Brexit’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 45: 287–307.
  • van Dalen, H. P. and Henkens, K. (2007) ‘Longing for the good life: Understanding emigration from a high-income country’, Population and Development Review 33: 37–66.
  • Vargas-Silva, C. (2016) ‘EU migration to and from the UK after Brexit’, Intereconomics 51: 251–55.
  • Verkuyten, M. (2016) ‘The integration paradox: Empiric evidence from the Netherlands’, American Behavioral Scientist 60: 583–96.
  • Virdee, S. and McGeever, B. (2018) ‘Racism, crisis, Brexit’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 41: 1802–19.
  • Wadsworth, J., Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. and van Reenen, J. (2016) ‘Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK’, in H. Breinlich, S. Dhingra, S. Estrin, H. Huang, G. Ottaviano, T. Sampson, J. van Reenen and J. Wadsworth (eds.), Brexit 2016. Policy analysis from the Centre for Economic Performance, London: Centre for Economic Performance, pp. 34–53.
  • Zontini, E. and Genova, E. (2022) ‘Studying the emotional costs of integration at times of change: The case of EU migrants in brexit Britain’, Sociology 56: 638–54.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.