Inequality at the top. Educational expansion, financial constraints and opportunities of university graduation by social origin

References

• Abbiati, G. and Barone, C. (2017) ‘Is university education worth the investment? The expectations of upper secondary school seniors and the role of family background’, Rationality and Society 29(2): 113–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R. K. and Culpepper, S. A. (2013) ‘Best-practice recommendations for estimating cross-level interaction effects using multilevel modeling’, Journal of Management 39(6): 1490–528. doi:10.1177/0149206313478188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E. and Zucman, G. (2017) ‘Global inequality dynamics: new findings from WID.world’, American Economic Review 107(5): 404–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arum, R., Gamoran, A. and Shavit, Y. (2007) ‘More inclusion than diversion: expansion, differentiation, and market structure in higher education. In Stratification in Higher Education—A Comparative Study, 1–35. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asplund, R., Adbelkarim, O. B. and Skalli, A. (2008) ‘An equity perspective on access to, enrolment in and finance of tertiary education’, Education Economics 16(3): 261–74.
   Google Scholar
• Avvisati, F. and Keslair, F. (2014) ‘REPEST: Stata module to run estimations with weighted replicate samples and plausible values’ https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:boc:bocode:s457918.
   Google Scholar
• Ballarino, G., Bernardi, F., Requena, M. and Schadee, H. (2008) ‘Persistent inequalities? Expansion of education and class inequality in Italy and Spain’, European Sociological Review 25(1): 123–38. doi:10.1093/esr/jcn031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar Haim, E. and Shavit, Y. (2013) ‘Expansion and inequality of educational opportunity: A comparative study’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 31: 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone, C. (2019) Towards an Education-based Meritocracy? ISA eSymposium for Sociology. Retrieved from ttps://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/c2j08frce9cu9glf4rqnapkg3/resources/ebul-barone-mar2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Barone, C. and Ruggera, L. (2018) ‘Educational equalization stalled? Trends in inequality of educational opportunity between 1930 and 1980 across 26 European nations’, European Societies 20(1): 1–25. doi:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, R. and Hecken, A. E. (2008) ‘Why are working-class children diverted from universities?--An empirical assessment of the diversion thesis’, European Sociological Review 25: 233–50. doi:10.1093/esr/jcn039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi, F. and Ballarino, G. (2014) ‘Participation, equality of opportunity and returns to tertiary education in contemporary Europe’, European Societies 16(3): 422–42. doi:10.1080/14616696.2012.750729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi, F., Hertel, F. R. and Yastrebov, G. (2018) ‘A U-turn in inequality in college attainment by parental education in the US?’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 58: 33–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. and Duncan, O. D. (1967) The American Occupational Structure, John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Blossfeld, P. N., Blossfeld, G. J. and Blossfeld, H. P. (2015) ‘Educational expansion and inequalities in educational opportunity: long-term changes for East and West Germany’, European Sociological Review 31(2): 144–60. doi:10.1093/esr/jcv017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bol, T. and Van de Werfhorst, H. (2012) ‘Measuring Educational Diversity: Tracking, Vocational Orientation, and Standardisation’, AMCIS Working Paper 1, January 2012, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Bol, T. and Van de Werfhorst, H. (2013) ‘Educational systems and the trade-off between labor market allocation and equality of educational opportunity’, Comparative Education Review 57(2): 285–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boliver, V. (2011) ‘Expansion, differentiation, and the persistence of social class inequalities in British higher education’, Higher Education 61(3): 229–42. doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9374-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. C. (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Braga, M., Checchi, D. and Meschi, E. (2013) ‘Educational policies in a long-run perspective’, Economic Policy 28(73): 45–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, R. (2010) ‘Social mobility and equality of opportunity Geary lecture spring 2010’, The Economic and Social Review 41(4): 413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, R. and Goldthorpe, J. H. (1997) ‘Explaining educational differentials’, Rationality and Society 9(3): 275–305. doi:10.1177/104346397009003002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, R., Luijkx, R., Müller, W. and Pollak, R. (2009) ‘Nonpersistent inequality in educational attainment: evidence from eight European countries’, American Journal of Sociology 114(5): 1475–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brint, S. and Karabel, J. (1989) ‘American education, meritocratic ideology, and the legitimation of inequality: the community college and the problem of American exceptionalism’, Higher Education 18(6): 725–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, M. L. and Jenkins, S. P. (2016) ‘Multilevel modelling of country effects: a cautionary tale’, European Sociological Review 32(1): 3–22. doi:10.1093/esr/jcv059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingano, F. (2014) ‘OECD social, employment and migration working papers, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 163. Publishing. doi:10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en
   Google Scholar
• Duru-Bellat, M., Kieffer, A. and Reimer, D. (2008) ‘Patterns of social inequalities in access to higher education in France and Germany’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49(4–5): 347–68. doi:10.1177/0020715208093081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrother, M. (2014) ‘Two multilevel modeling techniques for analyzing comparative longitudinal survey datasets’, Political Science Research and Methods 2(1): 119–40. doi:10.1017/psrm.2013.24.
   Google Scholar
• Garritzmann, J. L. (2016) The Political Economy of Higher Education Finance: The Politics of Tuition Fees and Subsidies in OECD Countries, 1945–2015, Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Goldrick-Rab, S., Kelchen, R., Harris, D. N. and Benson, J. (2016) ‘Reducing income inequality in educational attainment: experimental evidence on the impact of financial aid on college completion’, American Journal of Sociology 121(6): 1762–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. and Pensiero, N. (2016) ‘The effects of upper-secondary education and training systems on skills inequality. A quasi-cohort analysis using PISA 2000 and the OECD survey of adult skills’, British Educational Research Journal 42(5): 756–79. doi:10.1002/berj.3236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. N. (1997) ‘Social and economic inequality in the educational career: do the effects of social background characteristics decline?’, European Sociological Review 13(3): 305–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haveman, R. and Smeeding, T. (2006) ‘The role of higher education in social mobility’, The Future of Children 16(2): 125–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3844794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heisig, J. P. and Schaeffer, M. (2019) ‘Why you should always include a random slope for the lower-level variable involved in a cross-level Interaction’, European Sociological Review 35(2): 258–79. doi:10.1093/esr/jcy053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbaut, E. and Geven, K. (2020) ‘What works to reduce inequalities in higher education? A systematic review of the (quasi-)experimental literature on outreach and financial aid’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 65: 100442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillmert, S., and Jacob, M. (2003) ‘Social inequality in higher education. Is vocational training a pathway leading to or away from university?’, European Sociological Review, 19(3), 319-34. doi:10.1093/esr/19.3.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hout, M. (1988) ‘More universalism, less structural mobility: The American occupational structure in the 1980s’, American Journal of Sociology 93(6): 1358–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson, K. B. (2019) ‘College as equalizer? Testing the selectivity hypothesis’, Social Science Research 80: 216–29. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, I., Gebel, M. and Noelke, C. (2012) ‘Educational systems and inequalities in educational attainment in central and eastern European Countries’, Studies of Transition States and Societies 4(1): 69–83. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-362941.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Green, A. and Pensiero, N. (2016) ‘Expansion of higher education and inequality of opportunities: a cross-national analysis’, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 38(3): 242–63. doi:10.1080/1360080X.2016.1174407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, S. R. (2001) ‘Effectively maintained inequality: education transitions, track mobility, and social background effects’, American Journal of Sociology 106(6): 1642–90. doi:10.1086/321300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, S. R. (2009) ‘Stratification theory, socioeconomic background, and educational attainment’, Rationality and Society 21(4): 459–511. doi:10.1177/1043463109348987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mare, R. D. (1981) ‘Change and stability in educational stratification’, American Sociological Review 46(1): 72–87. doi:10.2307/2095027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. (2016) ‘The worldwide trend to high participation higher education: dynamics of social stratification in inclusive systems’, Higher Education 72(4): 413–34. doi:10.1007/s10734-016-0016-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meraviglia, C. and Buis, M. L. (2015) ‘Class, status, and education: the influence of parental resources on IEO in Europe, 1893–1987’, International Review of Social Research 5(1): 35–60. doi:10.1515/irsr-2015-0004.
   Google Scholar
• Milanovic, B. (2013) ‘Global income inequality in numbers: in history and now’, Global Policy 4(2): 198–208. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanovic, B. (2022) ‘The Three Eras of Global Inequality, 1820-2020 with the Focus on the Past Thirty years’, Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper Series, No.59, December 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Mohadjer, L., Krenzke, T., Van de Kerckhove, W. and Hsu, V. (2013) ‘Survey weighting and variance Estimation’, in OECD, Technical Report of the Survey of Adult Skills. Retrieved June 11, 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/_Technical%20Report_17OCT13.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, W. and Wolbers, M. H. (2003) ‘Educational attainment in the European Union: recent trends in qualification patterns’, in W. Müller and M. Gangl (eds.), Transitions from Education to Work in Europe. The Integration of Youth into EU Labour Markets, 23-62. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• OECD (2013) OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264204256-en
   Google Scholar
• OECD (2015) Education at a Glance 2015: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/eag-2015-en
   Google Scholar
• OECD (2016) The Survey of Adult Skills: Reader’s Companion, 2nd ed. OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264258075-en
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, F. T. and Hertel, F. R. (2015) ‘How has educational expansion shaped social mobility trends in the United States?’, Social Forces 94(1): 143–80. doi:10.1093/sf/sov045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piketty, T. and Zucman, G. (2014) ‘Capital is back: wealth-income ratios in rich countries 1700–2010 *’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(3): 1255–310. doi:10.1093/qje/qju018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffe, D., Brannen, K., Fairgrieve, J. and Martin, C. (2001) ‘Participation, inclusiveness, academic drift and parity of esteem: a comparison of post-compulsory education and training in England, Wales’, Scotland and Northern Ireland’, Oxford Review of Education 27(2): 173–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftery, A. E. and Hout, M. (1993) ‘Maximally maintained inequality: expansion, reform, and opportunity in Irish education, 1921–75’, Sociology of Education 66: 41–62. doi:10.2307/2112784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer, D. and Pollak, R. (2010) ‘Educational expansion and its consequences for vertical and horizontal inequalities in access to higher education in west Germany’, European Sociological Review 26(4): 415–30. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzica, L. (2020) ‘Raising aspirations and higher education: evidence from the United Kingdom’s widening participation policy’, Journal of Labor Economics 38(1): 183–214. doi:10.1086/704571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, S. and Reimer, D. (2011) ‘Differentiation and social selectivity in German higher education’, Higher Education 61(3): 261–75. doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9376-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S. L. (2010) ‘Nominal comparability is not enough: (in-)equivalence of construct validity of cross-national measures of educational attainment in the European Social Survey’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28(3): 343–57. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2010.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S. L. (2018) ‘Education in OECD's PIAAC study: how well do different harmonized measures predict skills?’, Methods, Data, Analyses: A Journal for Quantitative Methods and Survey Methodology (mda) 12(1): 151–76. doi:10.12758/mda.2017.15.
   Google Scholar
• Schudde, L. and Goldrick-Rab, S. (2015) ‘On second chances and Stratification’, Community College Review 43(1): 27–45. doi:10.1177/0091552114553296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavit, Y., Arum, R. and Gamoran, A. (2007) Stratification in Higher Education: A Comparative Study, Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shavit, Y. and Blossfeld, H. P. (1993) Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Statistiches Bundesamt (2019) Bildung un Kultur: Studierende an Hochschulen Wintersemester 2018/19, Statistiches Bundesamt.
   Google Scholar
• Stolzenberg, R. M. (1994) ‘Educational continuation by college graduates’, American Journal of Sociology 99(4): 1042–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhonen, T. and Karhunen, H. (2019) ‘The intergenerational effects of parental higher education: evidence from changes in university accessibility’, Journal of Public Economics 176: 195–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, A. (2004) ‘Would perfect mobility be perfect?’, European Sociological Review 20(1): 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen, J. P. (2015) ‘Maintaining inequality effectively? Access to higher education programmes in a universalist welfare state in periods of educational expansion 1984–2010’, European Sociological Review 31: 683–96. doi:10.1093/esr/jcv067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treiman, D. J. (1970) ‘Industrialization and social stratification*’, Sociological Inquiry 40(2): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1970.tb01009.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triventi, M. (2013) ‘Stratification in higher education and its relationship with social inequality: a comparative study of 11 European Countries’, European Sociological Review 29(3): 489–502. doi:10.1093/esr/jcr092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doorn, M., Pop, I. and Wolbers, M. H. (2011) ‘Intergenerational transmission of education across European countries and cohorts’, European Societies 13(1): 93–117. doi:10.1080/14616696.2010.540351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar