REFERENCES
- AJI (Alliance of Independent Journalists). 2015. Under the Crisis, AJI Report of 2015. Jakarta: Alliance of Independent Journalists.
- Andreescu, Viviana, and Deborah G. Keeling. 2012. “Explaining the Public Distrust of Police in the Newest European Union Countries.” International Journal of Police Science and Management 14 (3): 219–245.
- Arendt, Hannah. 1962. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
- Balčytiene, Aukse. 2009. “Market-led Reforms as Incentives for Media Change, Development and Diversification in the Baltic States: A Small Country Approach.” The International Communication Gazette 71 (1–2): 39–49. doi: 10.1177/1748048508097929
- Balčytiene, Aukse. 2012. “Culture as a Guide in Theoretical Explorations of Baltic Media.” In Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, edited by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, 51–71, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Balík, Stanislav, and Michal Kubát. 2004. Teorie a praxe totalitních a autoritativních režimů [ Theory and Practice of Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes]. Praha: Dokořán.
- Berganza, Rosa, Beatriz Herrero, and Carlos Arcila. 2016. “Digital vs. Traditional Media Journalists: Sociodemographic Characteristics and External and Internal Threats to Their Autonomy”. El Profesional de la Información 25 (2): 179–187. doi: 10.3145/epi.2016.mar.04
- Brants, Kees. 2013. “Trust, Cynicism, and Responsiveness. The Uneasy Situation of Journalism in Democracy.” In Rethinking Journalism – Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape, edited by Chris Peters and Marcel Broersma, 16–27, London: Routledge.
- Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 1997. Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York: Oxford University Press.
- De Albuquerque, Alfonso. 2012. “On Models and Margins: Comparative Media Models Viewed Froma Brazilian Perspective.” In Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, edited by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, 72–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dimitrova-Grajzl, Valentina, and Eszter Simon. 2010. “Political Trust and Historical Legacy: The Effect of Varieties of Socialism.” East European Politics and Societies 24 (2): 206–228. doi: 10.1177/0888325409353334
- Dobek-Ostrowska, Boguslawa. 2012. “Italianization (or Mediterraneanization) of the Polish Media System? Reality and Perspective.” In Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, edited by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, 26–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Donohue, George A., Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor. 1985. “Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership.” Journalism Quarterly 62 (3): 489–499. doi: 10.1177/107769908506200305
- Foa, Roberto. 2009. “ Civil Society and Democracy in Post-Authoritarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes.” Paper presented at the International Political Science Association Meetings, Santiago. Accessed April 12. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_3498.pdf.
- Freedom House. 2014. “Freedom in the World.” Accessed May 15, 2016. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2014.
- Freedom House. 2015. “Freedom in the World.” Accessed May 15, 2016. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2015#.WITxvKNOCu4.
- Garreton, Manuel Antonio. 1995. “Redemocratization in Chile.” Journal of Democracy 6 (1): 146–158. doi: 10.1353/jod.1995.0009
- Gilley, Bruce. 2010. “Democratic Enclaves in Authoritarian Regimes.” Democratization 17 (3): 389–415. doi: 10.1080/13510341003700196
- Hadland, Adrian. 2012. “Africanizing Three Models of Media and Politics: The South African Experience.” In Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, edited by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, 96–118, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hájek, Roman, Sandra Štefaniková, Filip Láb, and Alice N. Tejkalová. 2015. “Czech Journalists’ Refreshed Sense of Ethics in the Midst of Media Ownership Turmoil.” Media and Communication 3 (4): 52–61. doi: 10.17645/mac.v3i4.348
- Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media System, Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hallin, Daniel C., and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos. 2002. “Political Clientelism and the Media: Southern Europe and Latin America in Comparative Perspective.” Media, Culture & Society 24 (2): 175–195. doi: 10.1177/016344370202400202
- Hanitzsch, Thomas. 2013. “Journalism, Participative Media and Trust in a Comparative Context.” In Rethinking Journalism – Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape, edited by Chris Peters and Marcel Broersma, 200–209, London: Routledge.
- Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Rosa Berganza. 2012. “Explaining Journalists’ Trust in Public Institutions Across 20 Countries: Media Freedom, Corruption, and Ownership Matter Most.” Journal of Communication 62 (5): 794–814. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01663.x
- Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Rosa Berganza. 2014. “Political Trust among Journalists: Comparative Evidence From 21 Countries.” In Comparing Political Communication Across Time and Space. New Studies in an Emerging Field, edited by María José Canel and Katrin Voltmer, 137–156. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Hanitzsch, Thomas, Nina Steindl, and Corinna Lauerer. 2016. “ Country Report: Journalists in Germany.” Accessed September 2, 2016. https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28095/1/Country%20report%20Germany.pdf.
- ICJ (International Commission of Jurists). 2014. “ICJ Annual Report 2014.” Accessed May 9, 2016. http://www.icj.org/icj-annual-report-2014-now-online/.
- Kalyango, Yusuf Jr. 2012. “Agenda Building and the Politics of Regime Legitimacy in East Africa.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 33 (2): 54–70.
- Končelík, Jakub, Petr Orság, and Pavel Večeřa. 2010. Dějiny českých médií 20. století [ The History of Czech Media in the 20th century]. Praha: Portál.
- Kuhn, Thomas Samuel. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
- Lim, Merlyna. 2012. The League of Thirteen, Media Concentration in Indonesia. Arizona: Participatory MediaLab Arizona State University and The Ford Foundation.
- Linz, Juan J., and Alfred C. Stepan 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Mahmud, Shameem. 2013. “The Transformation of the Bangladesh Press.” In Bangladesh’s Changing Mediascape, From State Control to Market Forces, edited by Brian Shoesmith and Jude William Genilo, 35–53. Bristol: Intellect.
- Mair, Peter. 2006. Polity Scepticism, Party Railings, and the Challenge to European Democracy. Wassenaar: NIAS.
- Mancini, Paolo. 1993. “Between Trust and Suspicion: How Political Journalists Solve the Dilemma.” European Journal of Communication 8 (1): 33–51. doi: 10.1177/0267323193008001002
- Masduki. 2014. “Media Conglomeration and Political Intervention in the 2014-General Election of Indonesia.” GSTF Journal of Media and Communication 2 (1): 8–13. doi: 10.5176/2335-6618_2.1.24
- McQuail, Denis. 2013. “Communication Research Paradigms: Reflections on Paradigm Change in Communication Theory and Research.” International Journal of Communication 7 (2): 216–229.
- Mishler, William, and Richard Rose. 2001. “What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-Communist Societies.” Comparative Political Studies 34 (1): 30–62. doi: 10.1177/0010414001034001002
- Morrone, Adolfo, Noemi Tontoranelli, and Giulia Ranuzzi. 2009. “ How Good is Trust? Measuring Trust and its Role for the Progress of Societies.” OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2009/03. Accessed September 2, 2016. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5ks712zkbr0w.pdf?expires=1472832725&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B3DE456A76AA98A2B509D04ADCA8E71A.
- Patterson, Thomas E. 1994. Out of Order. New York: Vintage.
- Peters, Chris, and Marcel Broersma, eds. 2012. Rethinking Journalism – Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape. London: Taylor and Francis.
- Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Reich, Zvi, and Thomas Hanitzsch. 2013. “Determinants of Journalists’professional Autonomy: Individual and National Level Factors Matter More Than Organizational Ones.” Mass Communication and Society 16 (1): 133–156. doi: 10.1080/15205436.2012.669002
- Robinson, Michael. 1976. “Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise: The Case of The Selling the Pentagon.” American Political Science Review 70 (3): 409–432. doi: 10.2307/1959647
- Roudakova, Natalia. 2012. “Comparing Processes: Media, “Transitions,” and Historical Change.” In Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, edited by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, 246–277, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- RWB (Reporters Without Borders) 2015. “ World’s Press Freedom Index.” Accessed September 2, 2016. https://rsf.org/en/south-africa.
- Salminen, Ari, Kirsi Lähdesmäki, and Rinna Ikola-Norrbacka. 2012. “Decent Citizenship, Justice and Trust as Cornerstones of Legitimation: Tensions between Generations in Finland.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 78 (3): 447–473. doi: 10.1177/0020852312444854
- Sparks, Colin. 2011. “South African Media in Comparative Perspective.” African Journalism Studies 32 (3): 5–19.
- Susila, Ihwan, Dianne Dean, and David Harness. 2015. “Intergenerational Spaces: Citizens, Political Marketing and Conceptualising Trust in a Transitional Democracy.” Journal of Marketing Management 31 (9–10): 970–995. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2015.1036768
- Thurman, Neil, Alessio Cornia, and Jessica Kunert. 2016. “ Journalists in the UK. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.” Accessed September 2, 2016. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Journalists%20in%20the%20UK.pdf.
- Torcal, Mariano, and José R. Montero. 2006. “Political Disaffection in Comparative Perspective.” In Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies: Social Capital, Institutions, and Politics, edited by Mariano Torcal and José R. Montero, 3–19, Abingdon: Routledge.
- Tucker, Aviezer. 2006. “Rough Justice: Rectification in Post-Authoritarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes.” In Retribution and Repatriation in the Transition to Democracy, edited by Jon Elster, 276–297. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Uriarte, Edurne. 2002. Introducción a la ciencia política. La política en las sociedades democráticas [ Introduction to Political Sciences. Politics in Democratic Societies]. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos.
- Van Dalen, Arjen, Rosa Berganza, Morten Skovsgaard, and Nina Steindl. 2016. “Journalistic Trust in Public Institutions.” Paper presented at ICA conference, Fukuoka, June 9–13.
- Waisbord, Silvio. 2010. “Latin America.” In Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform, edited by Pippa Norris, 305–328. Washington: World Bank.
- Waisbord, Silvio. 2012. “Democracy, Journalism, and Latin American Populism.” Journalism 14 (4): 504–521. doi: 10.1177/1464884912464178
- Weaver, David H., and Lars Willnat. 2012. The Global Journalist in the 21st Century. London: Routledge.
- WJS (Worlds of Journalism Study) 2012a. Field Manual. Accessed April 12, 2016. http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/docs/Manual.pdf.
- WJS (Worlds of Journalism Study) 2012b. Questionnaire. Accessed September 2, 2016. http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/fileadmin/user_upload/WJS_core_questionnaire_2.5.1_consolidated.pdf.