REFERENCES
- Allan, Stuart. 2016. “Citizen Witnesses.” In The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism, edited by Tamara Witschge, Cris Anderson, David Domingo, and Alfred Hermida, 266–279. London: SAGE.
- Allan, Stuart, and Chris Peters. 2015. “The ‘Public Eye’ or “Disaster Tourists”.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 477–494. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1034517.
- American Press Institute. 2016. “A New Understanding: What Makes People Trust and Rely on News.” Accessed October 13, 2016. www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/trust-news
- Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari. 2013. “Media-Witnessing and the ‘Crowd-Sourced Video Revolution’.” Visual Communication 12 (3): 341–357. doi:10.1177/1470357213483055.
- Batty, David. 2011. “Arab Spring Leads Surge in Events Captured on Cameraphones.” The Guardian, 29 December. www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/29/arab-spring-captured-on-cameraphones
- Bivens, Rena Kim. 2008. “The Internet, Mobile Phones and Blogging.” Journalism Practice 2 (1): 113–129. doi:10.1080/17512780701768568.
- Blöbaum, Bernd. 2014. “Trust and Journalism in a Digital Environment.” Accessed September 2, 2016. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/publication/trust-and-journalism-digital-environment
- Boukes, Mark, and Hajo G. Boomgaarden. 2015. “Soft News with Hard Consequences? Introducing a Nuanced Measure of Soft Versus Hard News Exposure and Its Relationship With Political Cynicism.” Communication Research 42 (5): 701–731. doi:10.1177/0093650214537520.
- Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae, Asbjørn Følstad, and María Ángeles Chaparro Domínguez. 2017. “How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive Online Fact-Checking and Verification Services.” Journalism Practice: 1–21. doi:10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657.
- Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae, Marika Lüders, Jochen Spangenberg, Linda Rath-Wiggins, and Asbjørn Følstad. 2016. “Emerging Journalistic Verification Practices Concerning Social Media.” Journalism Practice 10 (3): 323–342. doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331.
- Brantner, Cornelia, Katharina Lobinger, and Irmgard Wetzstein. 2011. “Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluations of News Stories About the Gaza Conflict 2009.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 88 (3): 523–540. doi:10.1177/107769901108800304.
- Brown, Pete. 2015. “‘It’s Genuine, as Opposed to Manufactured’: A Study of UK News Audiences’ Attitudes towards Eyewitness Media.” Accessed May 20, 2017. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/publication/%E2%80%98it%E2%80%99s-genuine-opposed-manufactured%E2%80%99
- Bruno, Nicola. 2011. Tweet First, Verify Later: How Real Time Information Is Changing the Coverage of Worldwide Crisis Events. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
- Bucher, Hans-Jürgen, and Peter Schumacher. 2006. “The Relevance of Attention for Selecting News Content. An Eye-Tracking Study on Attention Patterns in the Reception of Print and Online Media.” Communications 31 (3): 347–368. doi:10.1515/COMMUN.2006.022.
- Cammaerts, Bart, and Nick Couldry. 2016. “Digital Journalism as Practice.” In The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism, edited by Tamara Witschge, Chris Anderson, David Domingo, and Alfred Hermida, 326–340. London: SAGE.
- Chang, Chung Joo, Yoonjae Nam, and Michael A. Stefanone. 2012. “Exploring Online News Credibility: The Relative Influence of Traditional and Technological Factors.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17 (2): 171–186. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01565.x.
- Domingo, David. 2008. “Interactivity in the Daily Routines of Online Newsrooms: Dealing with an Uncomfortable Myth.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 (3): 680–704. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00415.x.
- Edelman. 2015. “2015 Edelman Trust Barometer Global Results.” Accessed September 16, 2016. http://www.edelman.com/2015-edelman-trust-barometer-2/trust-and-innovation-edelman-trust-barometer/global-results/
- European Commission. 2013. “Media Use in the European Union.” Accessed September 16, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb80/eb80_media_en.pdf
- Fisher, Caroline. 2016. “The Trouble with ‘Trust’ in News Media.” Communication Research and Practice 2 (4): 451–465. doi:10.1080/22041451.2016.1261251.
- Flanagin, Andrew, and Miriam Metzger. 2000. “Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (3): 515–540. doi:10.1177/107769900007700304.
- Fogg, B. J. 2003. “Prominence-Interpretation Theory: Explaining How People Assess Credibility Online.” Accessed October 13, 2016. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=765951
- Gallup. 2014. “Trust in Mass Media Returns to All-Time Low.” Accessed September 16, 2016. http://www.gallup.com/poll/176042/trust-mass-media-returns-time-low.aspx
- Gaziano, Cecilie, and Kristin McGrath. 1986. “Measuring the Concept of Credibility.” Journalism Quarterly 63 (3): 451–462. doi:10.1177/107769908606300301.
- Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Grosser, Katherine M. 2016. “Trust in Online Journalism. A Conceptual Model of Risk-Based Trust in the Online Context.” Digital Journalism 4 (8): 1036–1057. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1127174.
- Grosser, Katherine M., Valerie Hase, and Bernd Blöbaum. 2016. “Trust in Online Journalism.” In Trust and Communication in a Digitized World. Models and Concepts of Trust Research, edited by Bernd Blöbaum, 53–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- de Haan, Yael, Sanne Kruikemeier, Sophie Lecheler, and Renee van der Nat. 2017. “When Does an Infographic Say More Than a Thousand Words? Audience Evaluations of News Visualizations.” Journalism Studies: 1–20. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1267592.
- Harrison, Jackie. 2010. “User-Generated Content and Gatekeeping at the BBC Hub.” Journalism Studies 11 (2): 243–256. doi:10.1080/14616700903290593.
- Hänska-Ahy, Maximilian, and Roxanna Shapour. 2013. “Who’s Reporting the Protests? Converging Practices of Citizen Journalists and Two BBC World Service Newsrooms, From Iran’s Election Protests to the Arab Uprisings.” Journalism Studies 14 (1): 29–45. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2012.657908.
- Hellmueller, Lea, and You Li. 2015. “Contest Over Content: A Longitudinal Study of the CNN IReport Effect on the Journalistic Field.” Journalism Practice 9 (5): 617–633. doi:10.1080/17512786.2014.987553.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2011. “Mechanisms of Participation. How Audience Options Shape the Conversation.” In Participatory Journalism. Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers, edited by Jane B. Singer, Alfred Hermida, David Domingo, Ari Heinonen, Steve Paulussen, Thorsten Quandt, Zvi Reich, and Marina Vujnovic, 13–33. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Hermida, Alfred. 2015. “Nothing But the Truth. Redrafting the Journalistic Boundary of Verification.” In Boundaries of Journalism. Professionalism, Practices and Participation, edited by Matt Carlson, and Seth Lewis, 37–50. London: Routledge.
- Hermida, Alfred, and Neil Thurman. 2008. “A Clash of Cultures: The Integration of User-Generated Content Within Professional Journalistic Frameworks at British Newspaper Websites.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 343–356. doi:10.1080/17512780802054538.
- Hladìk, Radim, and Vâclav Ŝtêtka. 2017. “The Powers That Tweet.” Journalism Studies 18 (2): 154–174. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2015.1046995.
- Hocevar, Kristin Page, Andrew Flanagin, and Miriam Metzger. 2014. “Social Media Self-Efficacy and Information Evaluation Online.” Computers in Human Behavior 39: 254–262. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.020.
- Jacobson, Susan. 2010. “Emerging Models of Multimedia Journalism: A Content Analysis of Multimedia Packages Published on Nytimes.com.” Atlantic Journal of Communication 18 (2): 63–78. doi:10.1080/15456870903554882.
- Jungnickel, Katrin. 2011. “Nachrichtenqualität aus Nutzersicht. Ein Vergleich zwischen Leserurteilen und wissenschaftlich-normativen Qualitätsansprüchen [News Quality From the Recipients’ Perspective. A Comparison Between Readers’ Judgments and Scientific-Normative Quality Demands].” Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 59 (3): 360–378.
- Karlsson, Michael, Crister Clerwall, and Lars Nord. 2017. “Do Not Stand Corrected: Transparency and Users’ Attitudes to Inaccurate News and Corrections in Online Journalism.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quartlerly 94 (1): 148–167. doi:10.1177/1077699016654680.
- Kiousis, Spiro. 2006. “Exploring the Impact of Modality on Perceptions of Credibility for Online News Stories.” Journalism Studies 7 (2): 348–359. doi:10.1080/14616700500533668.
- Kiousis, Spiro, and Daniela V. Dimitrova. 2006. “Differential Impact of Web Site Content: Exploring the Influence of Source (Public Relations Versus News), Modality, and Participation on College Students’ Perceptions.” Public Relations Review 32 (2): 177–179. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.02.013.
- Kleemans, Mariska, Gabi Schaap, and Lisbeth Hermans. 2015. “Citizen Sources in the News: Above and Beyond the Vox Pop?” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 18 (4): 464–481. doi:10.1177/1464884915620206.
- Kohring, Matthias. 2004. Vertrauen in Journalismus [Trust in Journalism]. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft.
- Kohring, Matthias, and Jörg Matthes. 2004. “Revision und Validierung einer Skala zur Erfassung von Vertrauen in Journalismus [Revision of a Scale to Measure Trust in Journalism].” Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 52 (3): 377–385.
- Kohring, Matthias, and Jörg Matthes. 2007. “Trust in News Media: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale.” Communication Research 34 (2): 231–252. doi:10.1177/0093650206298071.
- Kruikemeier, Sanne, and Sophie Lecheler. 2016. “News Consumer Perceptions of New Journalistic Sourcing Techniques.” Journalism Studies: 1–18. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1192956.
- Leckner, Sara. 2012. “Presentation Factors Affecting Reading Behaviour in Readers of Newspaper Media: An Eye-Tracking Perspective.” Visual Communication 11 (2): 163–184. doi:10.1177/1470357211434029.
- Leiner, Dominik. 2014. “SoSci Survey (Version 2.500-i) [Computer software].” Accessed August 31, 2016. https://www.soscisurvey.de
- Leiner, Dominik. 2016. “Our Research’s Breadth Lives on Convenience Samples. A Case Study of the Online Respondent Pool ‘SoSci Panel’.” Studies in Communication | Media 5 (4): 367–396. doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2016-4-366.
- Luhmann, Niklas. 1979. Trust and Power: Two Works by Niklas Luhmann. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
- Manosevitch, Idit, and Ori Tenenboim. 2017. “The Multifaceted Role of User-Generated Content in News Websites: An Analytical Framework.” Digital Journalism 5 (6): 731–752. doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1189840.
- Matthes, Jörg. 2011. “The Affective Underpinning of Hostile Media Perceptions. Exploring the Distinct Effects of Affective and Cognitive Involvement.” Communication Research 40 (3): 360–387. doi:10.1177/0093650211420255.
- Mayer, Roger C., James Davis, and F. David Schoorman. 1995. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 709–734. doi:10.5465/AMR.1995.9508080335.
- McNair, Brian. 2013. “Trust, Truth and Objectivity. Sustaining Quality Journalism in the Era of the Content-Generating User.” In Rethinking Journalism. Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape, edited by Chris Peters, and Michael Broersma, 75–88. New York: Routledge.
- Meier, Klaus, and Julius Reimer. 2011. “Transparenz im Journalismus: Instrumente, Konfliktpotentiale, Wirkung [Transparency in Journalism: Instruments, Conflict Potential, Effect].” Publizistik 56 (2): 133–155. doi:10.1007/s11616-011-0116-7.
- Meyer, Philip. 1988. “Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index.” Journalism Quarterly 65 (3): 567–574. doi:10.1177/107769908806500301.
- Miller, Andrea, and David Kurpius. 2010. “A Citizen-Eye View of Television News Source Credibility.” American Behavioral Scientist 54 (2): 137–156. doi:10.1177/0002764210376315.
- Naab, Teresa K., and Annika Sehl. 2016. “Studies of User-Generated Content: A Systematic Review.” Journalism. Epub published ahead of print. 16 October 2016. doi:10.1177/1464884916673557.
- Oswald, Bernd. 2013. “Vom Produkt zum Prozess [From Product to Process].” In Journalismus in der Digitalen Moderne. Einsichten – Ansichten – Aussichten [Journalism in Digital Modernity. Insights – Views – Perspectives], edited by Leif Kramp, Leonard Novy, Dennis Ballwieser, and Karsten Wenzlaff, 63–79. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
- Örnebring, Henrik. 2008. “The Consumer as Producer – of What? User Generated Tabloid Content in The Sun (UK) and Aftonbladet (Sweden).” Journalism Studies 9 (5): 771–785. doi:10.1080/14616700802207789.
- Pantti, Mervi, and Stefanie Sirén. 2015. “The Fragility of Photo-Truth: Verification of Amateur Images in Finnish Newsrooms.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 495–512. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1034518.
- Peters, Chris, and Tamara Witschge. 2015. “From Grand Narratives of Democracy to Small Expectations of Participation. Audiences, Citizenship, and Interactive Tools in Digital Journalism.” Journalism Practice 9 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1080/17512786.2014.928455.
- Pew Research Center. 2012. “Trends in News Consumption: 1991-2012. In Changing News Landscapes, Even Television is Vulnerable.” Accessed May 20, 2017. http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/2012%20News%20Consumption%20Report.pdf
- Sacco, Vittoria, and Diana Bossio. 2015. “Using Social Media in the News Reportage of War & Conflict: Opportunities and Challenges.” The Journal of Media Innovations 2 (1): 59–76.
- Schmierbach, Michael, Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, Michael P. Boyle, and Alyssa Appelmann. 2016. “Twitter Me This: Does News Media Reliance on Quoting From Twitter Affect Credibility and Quality Judgments?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the international communication association, Fukuoka, June 9–13.
- Schweiger, Wolfgang. 2000. “Media Credibility – Experience or Image? A Survey on the Credibility of the World Wide Web in Germany in Comparison to Other Media.” European Journal of Communication 15 (1): 37–59. doi:10.1177/0267323100015001002.
- Semetko, Holli A., and Patti M. Valkenburg. 2000. “Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News.” Journal of Communication 50 (2): 93–109. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x.
- Sienkiewicz, Matt. 2014. “Start Making Sense: A Three-Tier Approach to Citizen Journalism.” Media, Culture & Society 36 (5): 691–701. doi:10.1177/0163443714527567.
- Singer, Jane B. 2010. “Quality Control. Perceived Effects of User-Generated Content on Newsroom Norms, Values and Routines.” Journalism Practice 4 (2): 127–142. doi:10.1080/17512780903391979.
- Stavrositu, Carmen, and S. Shyam Sundar. 2008. “If Internet Credibility Is So Iffy, Why the Heavy Use? The Relationship Between Medium Use and Credibility.” CyberPsychology & Behavior 11 (1): 65–68. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9933.
- Sundar, S. Shyam, Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, and Matthias R. Hastall. 2007. “News Cues: Information Scent and Cognitive Heuristics.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58 (3): 366–378. doi:10.1002/asi.20511.
- Tsfati, Yariv, and Gal Ariely. 2014. “Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in Media Across 44 Countries.” Communication Research 41 (6): 760–782. doi:10.1177/0093650213485972.
- Uslaner, Eric M. 2012. “Measuring Generalized Trust: In Defense of the ‘Standard’ Question.” In Handbook of Research Methods on Trust, edited by Fergus Lyon, Guido Möllering, and Mark N. K. Saunders, 72–82. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Volkmer, Ingrid, and Amira Firdaus. 2013. “Between Networks and ‘Hierarchies of Credibility’. Navigating Journalistic Practice in a Sea of User-Generated Content.” In Rethinking Journalism. Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape, edited by Chris Peters, and Michael Broersma, 75–88. New York: Routledge.
- Wardle, Claire, and Andrew Williams. 2010. “Beyond User-Generated Content: A Production Study Examining the Ways in Which UGC Is Used at the BBC.” Media, Culture & Society 32 (5): 781–799. doi:10.1177/0163443710373953.
- Wintterlin, Florian. 2017. “Trust in Distant Sources: An Analytical Model Capturing Antecedents of Risk and Trustworthiness as Perceived by Journalists.” Journalism. doi:10.1177/1464884917716000.