Soft Spot for Soft News? Influences of Journalistic Role Conceptions on Hard and Soft News Coverage

References

• Aalberg, Toril, Tove Brekken, and Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud. 2010. “Media Systems and Political Information Resources: An Empirical Study of Focus and Frames Across Countries and News Media Outlets.” APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Aalberg, Toril, Peter van Aelst, and James Curran. 2010. “Media Systems and the Political Information Environment: A Cross-National Comparison.” International Journal of Press/Politics 15 (3): 255–271. doi: 10.1177/1940161210367422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugut, Philip, and Sebastian Scherr. 2014. “Der Einfluss politischer Einstellungen auf Rollenverständnis und Arbeitszufriedenheit von Journalisten.” [The Influence of Political Attitudes on Journalists’ Role Conceptions and Job Satisfaction.] SCM Studies in Communication Media 2 (4): 437–468. doi: 10.5771/2192-4007-2013-4-437
   Google Scholar
• Baum, Matthew A. 2007. “Soft News and Foreign Policy: How Expanding the Audience Changes the Policies.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 8 (1): 115–145. doi:10.1017/S1468109907002502.
   Google Scholar
• Beam, Randal A., Bonnie J. Brownlee, David H. Weaver, and Damon T. Di Cicco. 2009. “Journalism and Public Service in Troubled Times.” Journalism Studies 10 (6): 734–753. doi:10.1080/14616700903274084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukes, Mark, and Hajo Boomgaarden. 2015. “Soft News with Hard Consequences? Introducing a Nuanced Measure of Soft Versus Hard News Exposure and its Relationship with Political Cynicism.” Communication Research 42 (5): 701–731. doi:10.1177/0093650214537520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, Margaret M., and Peter J. Lang. 1994. “Measuring Emotion: The Self-assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential.” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25 (1): 49–59.
   Google Scholar
• Brekken, Tove, Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud, and Toril Aalberg. 2012. “News Substance: The Relative Importance of Soft and De-Contextualized News.” In How Media Inform Democracy: A Comparative Approach, edited by Toril Aalberg, and James Curran, 64–78. Mahwah: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brüggemann, Michael. 2014. “Between Frame Setting and Frame Sending: How Journalists Contribute to News Frames.” Communication Theory 24 (1): 61–82. doi:10.1111/comt.12027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, Serena, Jan Boehmer, and Frederick Fico. 2015. “The Measurement of Journalistic Role Enactments: A Study of Organizational Constraints and Support in for-Profit and Nonprofit Journalism.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. doi:10.1177/1077699015607335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelló, Enric, and Marta Montagut. 2011. “Journalists, Reframing, and Party Public Relation Consultants: Strategies in Morning Talk Radio.” Journalism Studies 12 (4): 506–521. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2010.530969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vreese, Claes, Frank Esser, and David N. Hopmann, eds. 2016. Comparing Political Journalism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dekavalla, Marina. 2018. “Issue and Game Frames in the News: Frame-Building Factors in Television Coverage of the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.” Journalism 19 (11): 1588–1607. doi:10.1177/1464884916674231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donsbach, Wolfgang. 2004. “Psychology of News Decisions Factors Behind Journalists’ Professional Behavior.” Journalism 5 (2): 131–157. doi: 10.1177/146488490452002
   Google Scholar
• Donsbach, Wolfgang. 2008. “Journalists’ Role Perception.” In The International Encyclopedia of Communication, edited by Wolfgang Donsbach, 2605–2610. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Engelmann, Ines. 2012. Alltagsrationalität im Journalismus: akteurs- und organisationsbezogene Einflussfaktoren der Nachrichtenauswahl [Day-To-Day Rationality in Journalism: Person- and Organization-Related Factors Influencing the Selection of News]. Konstanz: UVK.
   Google Scholar
• Glogger, Isabella, and Lukas P. Otto. 2019. “Journalistic Views on Hard and Soft News: Cross-Validating a Popular Concept in a Factorial Survey.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. doi:10.1177/1077699018815890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas. 2006. “Mapping Journalism Culture: A Theoretical Taxonomy and Case Studies From Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Communication 16 (2): 169–186. doi:10.1080/01292980600638835.
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas. 2007. “Deconstructing Journalism Culture: Toward a Universal Theory.” Communication Theory 17 (4): 367–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00303.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Abit Hoxha. 2014. “News Production: Theory and Conceptual Framework.” INFOCORE WP1 Working Paper. Accessed May 11, 2018. http://www.infocore.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Theoretical-Framing_WP1_News-Productions.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Claudia Mellado. 2011. “What Shapes the News Around the World? How Journalists in Eighteen Countries Perceive Influences on Their Work.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 16: 404–426. doi: 10.1177/1940161211407334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Tim P. Vos. 2017. “Journalistic Roles and the Struggle Over Institutional Identity: The Discursive Constitution of Journalism.” Communication Theory 27 (2): 115–135. doi:10.1111/comt.12112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Tim P. Vos. 2018. “Journalism Beyond Democracy: A new Look Into Journalistic Roles in Political and Everyday Life.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 19 (2): 146–164. doi:10.1177/1464884916673386.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Magin, Melanie. 2017. “Attention, Please! Structural Influences on Tabloidization of Campaign Coverage in German and Austrian Elite Newspapers (1949–2009).” Journalism, 1–21. doi:10.1177/1464884917707843.
   Google Scholar
• Magin, Melanie, and Birgit Stark. 2015. “Explaining National Differences of Tabloidisation Between Germany and Austria.” Journalism Studies 16 (4): 577–595. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2014.921398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, Maja. 2011. “Repräsentativität als Herausforderung in Deutschland.” [Representivity as as Challenge in Germany.] In Methoden der Journalismusforschung, edited by Olaf Jandura and Thorsten Quandt, 259–275. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia. 2015. “Professional Roles in News Content: Six Dimensions of Journalistic Role Performance.” Journalism Studies 16 (4): 596–614. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2014.922276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, Lea Hellmueller, and Wolfgang Donsbach. 2017a. “Journalistic Role Performance: A New Reserach Agenda in a Dgotal an Global Media Environment.” In Journalistic Role Performance: Concepts, Contexts, and Methods, edited by Claudia Mellado, Lea Hellmueller, and Wolfgang Donsbach, 1–18. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, Lea Hellmueller, and Wolfgang Donsbach, eds. 2017b. Journalistic Role Performance: Concepts, Contexts, and Methods. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, Lea Hellmueller, Mireya Márquez-Ramírez, Maria L. Humanes, Colin Sparks, Agnieszka Stepinska, Svetlana Pasti, Anna-Maria Schielicke, Edson C. Tandoc, and Haiyan Wang. 2017. “The Hybridization of Journalistic Cultures: A Comparative Study of Journalistic Role Performance.” Journal of Communication 67 (6): 944–967. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, and M. L. Humanes. 2012. “Modeling Perceived Professional Autonomy in Chilean Journalism.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 13 (8): 985–1003. doi:10.1177/1464884912442294.
   Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, and Arjen van Dalen. 2014. “Between Rhetoric and Practice: Explaining the Gap Between Role Conception and Performance in Journalism.” Journalism Studies 15 (6): 859–878. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2013.838046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, An. 2012. “The Effects of Soft News on Public Attachment to the News: Is “Infotainment” Good for Democracy?” Journalism Studies 13 (5-6): 706–717. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2012.664318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obermaier, Magdalena, Thomas Koch, and Claudia Riesmeyer. 2015. “Deep Impact? How Kournalists Perceive the Influence of Public Relations on Their News Coverage and Which Variables Determine This Impact.” Communication Research. doi:10.1177/0093650215617505.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, Lukas, Isabella Glogger, and Mark Boukes. 2017. “The Softening of Journalistic Political Communication: A Comprehensive Framework Model of Sensationalism, Soft News, Infotainment, and Tabloidization.” Communication Theory 27 (2): 136–155. doi: 10.1111/comt.12102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, Thomas E. 2000. Doing Well and Doing Good: How Soft News and Critical Journalism are Shrinking the News Audience and Weakening Democracy-and What News Outlets can do About it. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, Daniel. 2007. “‘ … weil ich dachte, es sei lustig”. Strategien des Inszenierens von Vergnügen im journalistischen Schreibprozess’.” [“ … ‘Cause I Thought it was Funny”. Strategies of Staging Joy in the Journalistic Writing Process.] In Das Vergnügen in und an den Medien, edited by Michael Klemm and Eva-Maria Jakobs, 199–222. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Photiou, Irene, Theodora Maniou, Nikleia Eteokleous, and Elena Ketteni. 2017. “Infotainment Journalism in Times of Crisis: A Case Study in the Greek-Cypriot Press.” Journal of Media Critiques 3 (12): 157–177. doi: 10.17349/jmc117409
   Google Scholar
• Plasser, Fritz. 2005. “From Hard to Soft News Standards? How Political Journalists in Different Media Systems Evaluate the Shifting Quality of News.” The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10 (2): 47–68. doi:10.1177/1081180X05277746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, Senja. 2015. “Scientific Objectivity in Journalism? How Journalists and Academics Define Objectivity, Assess its Attainability, and Rate its Desirability.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 16 (6): 730–749. doi: 10.1177/1464884914541067
   Google Scholar
• Reinemann, Carsten, and Philip Baugut. 2014. “Political Journalists as Communicators. The Impact of Individual Characteristics on Their Work.” In Political Communication, edited by Carsten Reinemann, vol. 18, 325–348. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Reinemann, Carsten, James Stanyer, and Sebastian Scherr. 2016. “Hard and Soft News.” In Comparing Political Journalism, edited by Claes de Vreese, Frank Esser, and David N. Hopmann, 131–149. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reinemann, Carsten, James Stanyer, Sebastian Scherr, and Guido Legnante. 2012. “Hard and Soft News: A Review of Concepts, Operationalizations and key Findings.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 13 (2): 221–239. doi:10.1177/1464884911427803.
   Google Scholar
• Salgado, Susana, and Jesper Strömbäck. 2012. “Interpretive Journalism: A Review of Concepts, Operationalizations and Key Findings.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 13 (2): 144–161. doi: 10.1177/1464884911427797
   Google Scholar
• Shim, Hongjin, Kyung H. You, Jeong K. Lee, and Eun Go. 2015. “Why do People Access News with Mobile Devices? Exploring the Role of Suitability Perception and Motives on Mobile News Use.” Telematics and Informatics 32 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2014.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela J., Martin Eichholz, Eunyi Kim, and Brenda Wrigley. 2001. “Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78 (2): 233–246. doi: 10.1177/107769900107800202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Stephen D. Reese. 1996. Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. 2nd ed. White Plains, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Steindl, Nina, Corinna Lauerer, and Thomas Hanitzsch. 2017. “Journalismus in Deutschland.” [Journalism in Germany.] Publizistik 62 (4): 401–423. doi:10.1007/s11616-017-0378-9.
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc, Edson C., Lea Hellmueller, and Tim P. Vos. 2013. “Mind the Gap: Between Journalistic Role Conception and Role Enactment.” Journalism Practice 7 (5): 539–554. doi:10.1080/17512786.2012.726503.
   Google Scholar
• Tanikawa, Miki. 2017. “Influence of Journalists’ Personal Characteristics on non-Temporal News Coverage.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 18 (3): 317–333. doi: 10.1177/1464884916636176
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman, Gaye. 1973. “Making News by Doing Work: Routinizing the Unexpected.” American Journal of Sociology 79 (1): 110–131. doi: 10.1086/225510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dalen, Arjen, Claes de Vreese, and Erik Albaek. 2012. “Different Roles, Different Content? A Four-Country Comparison of the Role Conceptions and Reporting Style of Political Journalists.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 13 (7): 903–922. doi:10.1177/1464884911431538.
   Google Scholar
• Weischenberg, Siegfried, Maja Malik, and Armin Scholl. 2012. “Journalism in Germany in the 21st Century.” In The Global Journalist in the 21st Century, edited by David H. Weaver and Lars Willnat, 205–219. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Worlds of Journalism Study. 2016. “Perceived Influences. Aggregated Data on Key Variables (2012–2016).” Accessed January 9, 2018. http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/fileadmin/Data_tables_documentation/Tables/WJS_Perceived_influences_-_aggregated.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, Bu, and John E. Newhagen. 2009. “How Journalists Think While They Write: A Transcultural Model of News Decision Making.” Journal of Communication 59 (3): 587–608. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01439.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimpel. 2018. “Zimpel Online Database.” www.zimpel-online.de.
   Google Scholar