“This is (Not) Journalism”: Corruption, Subterfuge, and Metajournalistic Discourses on Undercover Journalism in Ghana

References

• Awojobi, O. 2014. “Corruption and Underdevelopment in Africa.” International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management 2 (10): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Bivins, T. H. 2014. “The Language of Virtue: What Can We Learn from Early Journalism Codes of Ethics.” In The Ethics of Journalism: Individual, Institutional and Cultural Influences, edited by W. N. Wyatt, 165–184. London: I. B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Black, J., and R. D. Barney. 1985. “The Case Against Mass Media Codes of Ethics.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 (1): 27–36. doi: 10.1080/08900528509358252
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, M. 2016. “Metajournalistic Discourse and the Meanings of Journalism: Definitional Control, Boundary Work, and Legitimation.” Communication Theory 26 (4): 349–368. doi: 10.1111/comt.12088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, M., and S. Lewis, eds. 2015. Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices, and Participation. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Christians, C. G. 2007. “Utilitarianism in Media Ethics and Its Discontents.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22 (2–3): 113–131. doi: 10.1080/08900520701315640
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, S. B. 1999. “Getting It Right: Aristotle’s ‘Golden Mean’ as Theory Deterioration.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 14 (1): 5–15. doi: 10.1207/S15327728JM140101
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. 2007. “Getting Mill right.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22 (2–3): 100–112.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, D., and C. Culver. 1992. “Defining and Analyzing Journalistic Deception.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 7 (2): 69–84. doi: 10.1207/s15327728jmme0702_1
   Google Scholar
• eTV Ghana. 2017. Ghana Most Influential Nominees. https://etvghana.com/2017-ghana-most-influential-nominees/.
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N. 2001. “The Dialectics of Discourse.” Textus XIV (2): 231–242.
   Google Scholar
• Godler, Y., and Z. Reich. 2017. “News Cultures or ‘Epistemic Cultures’? Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Data from 62 Countries.” Journalism Studies 18 (5): 666–681. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golafshani, N. 2003. “Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Report 8: 597–606.
   Google Scholar
• Harris Jr., C. E. 2002. Applying Moral Theories. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, J., and R. Breit. 2004. If the Watchdog Bites, Is It Put Down? A Response to Neil Levy on Journalism Ethics and Entrapment. Brisbane. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:10514.
   Google Scholar
• Hermida, A. 2013. “#Journalism: Reconfiguring Journalism Research about Twitter, One Tweet at a Time.” Digital Journalism 1 (3): 295–313. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2013.808456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. R. 1997. “Examining the Validity Structure of Qualitative Research.” Education 118 (3): 282–292.
   Google Scholar
• Kalyango Jr., Yusuf, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, Terje Skjerdal, Mohd Safar Hasim, Nurhaya Muchtar, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Levi Zeleza Manda, and Sarah Bomkapre Kamara. 2017. “Journalists’ Development Journalism Role Perceptions: Select Countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, And Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journalism Studies 18 (5): 576–594. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2016.1254060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambeth, E. B. 1990. “Waiting for a New St. Benedict: Alasdair Macintyre and the Theory and Practice of Journalism.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 5 (2): 75–87. doi: 10.1207/s15327728jmme0502_1
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. T. 2004. “Lying to Tell the Truth: Journalists and the Social Context of Deception.” Mass Communication and Society 7 (1): 97–120. doi: 10.1207/s15327825mcs0701_7
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. T. 2005. “Predicting Tolerance of Journalistic Deception.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 20 (1): 22–42. doi: 10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_3
   Google Scholar
• Levy, N. 2002. “In Defence of Entrapment in Journalism (and Beyond).” Journal of Applied Philosophy 19 (2): 121–130. doi: 10.1111/1468-5930.00209
   Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W. 2003. “The Problem of Journalism: A Political Economic Contribution to an Explanation of the Crisis in Contemporary US Journalism.” Journalism Studies 4 (3): 299–329.
   Google Scholar
• McManus, J. H. 1994. Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? New York: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, C. 1993. “Justifying Journalistic Harms: Right to Know vs. Interest in Knowing.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (3): 133–146. doi: 10.1207/s15327728jmme0803_1
   Google Scholar
• Ofori-Parku, S. S. 2016. “‘Whale Deaths’ are Unnatural: A Local NGO’s Framing of Offshore Oil Production Risks in Ghana.” Science Communication 38 (6): 746–775. doi: 10.1177/1075547016677832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofori-Parku, S. S., and D. Moscato. 2018. “Hashtag Activism as a Form of Political Action: A Qualitative Analysis of the# BringBackOurGirls Campaign in Nigerian, UK, and US Press.” International Journal of Communication 12: 23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofori-Parku, S. S., and H. L. Steeves. 2016. “Discovery Channel’s Jungle Gold in Ghana: Hegemonic Globalization Sparks Resistance and Policy Action.” Media, Culture & Society 38 (2): 248–264. doi: 10.1177/0163443715613636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olausson, U. 2018. “The Celebrified Journalist: Journalistic Self-Promotion and Branding in Celebrity Constructions on Twitter.” Journalism Studies 19 (16): 2379–2399. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2017.1349548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parliament of the Republic of Ghana. 1992. “The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.” http://www.ghana.gov.gh/images/documents/constitution_ghana.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Picard, R. G. 2004. “Commercialism and Newspaper Quality.” Newspaper Research Journal 25 (1): 54–65. doi: 10.1177/073953290402500105
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, A. 2007. “Moral Virtues for Journalists.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22 (2–3): 168–186. doi: 10.1080/08900520701315764
   Google Scholar
• Reporters Without Borders. 2018. “Press Freedom Index.” https://rsf.org/en/ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Rolland, A. 2006. “Commercial News Criteria and Investigative Journalism.” Journalism Studies 7 (6): 940–963.
   Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M. 2000. “Focus on Research Methods-Whatever Happened to Qualitative Description?” Research in Nursing & Health 23 (4): 334–340. doi: 10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires, D. 2006. “The Problem with Entrapment.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 26 (2): 351–376. doi: 10.1093/ojls/gql007
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, J. 2003. “The Discourse of Cultural Imperialism.” In McQuail’s Reader in Mass Communication Theory, edited by D. McQuail, 223–230. New York: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Transparency International. 2018. “Corruption Perception Index.” https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018.
   Google Scholar