Trust in Congruent Sources, Absolutely: The Moderating Effects of Ideological and Epistemological Beliefs on the Relationship between Perceived Source Congruency and News Credibility

References

• Ariyanto, A., M. J. Hornsey, and C. Gallois. 2007. “Group Allegiances and Perceptions of Media Bias: Taking Into Account Both the Perceiver and the Source.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 10 (2): 266–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpan, L. M., and A. A. Raney. 2003. “An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80 (2): 265–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bago, B., D. G. Rand, and G. Pennycook. 2020. “Fake News, Fast and Slow: Deliberation Reduces Belief in False (But Not True) News Headlines.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 149 (8): 1608–1613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, M. A., and P. Gussin. 2008. “In the Eye of the Beholder: How Information Shortcuts Shape Individual Perceptions of Bias in the Media.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 3 (1): 1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter Magolda, M. B. 1992. Knowing and Reasoning in College: Gender-Related Patterns in Students’ Intellectual Development. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Bronstein, M. V., G. Pennycook, A. Bear, D. G. Rand, and T. D. Cannon. 2019. “Belief in Fake News is Associated with Delusionality, Dogmatism, Religious Fundamentalism, and Reduced Analytic Thinking.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 8 (1): 108–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., and S. Chaiken. 1999. “The Heuristic-Systematic Model in its Broader Context.” In Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology, edited by S. Chaiken and Y. Trope, 73–96. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, R. 2019. Designing Experiments for the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Edgerly, S., R. R. Mourão, E. Thorson, and S. M. Tham. 2020. “When Do Audiences Verify? How Perceptions About Message and Source Influence Audience Verification of News Headlines.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 97 (1): 52–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, L. 2017. “The Hostile Media Effect.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, edited by K. Kenski and K. H. Jamieson, 549–564. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flanagin, A. J., and M. J. Metzger. 2000. “Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (3): 515–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagin, A. J., and M. J. Metzger. 2008. “Digital Media and Youth: Unparalleled Opportunity and Unprecedented Responsibility.” In Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility, edited by M. J. Metzger and A. J. Flanagin, 5–27. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn, D. J., B. Nyhan, and J. Reifler. 2017. “The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics: Nature and Origins of Misperceptions.” Political Psychology 38: 127–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K., and B. E. Weeks. 2017. “Epistemic Beliefs’ Role in Promoting Misperceptions and Conspiracist Ideation.” PLOS ONE 12 (9): e0184733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer, B. K. 2000. “Dimensionality and Disciplinary Differences in Personal Epistemology.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 25 (4): 378–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer, B. K. 2004. “Personal Epistemology as a Psychological and Educational Construct: An Introduction.” In Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing, edited by B. K. Hofer and P. R. Pintrich, 3–14. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hofer, B. K. 2008. “Personal Epistemology and Culture.” In Knowing, Knowledge, and Beliefs: Epistemological Studies Across Diverse Cultures, edited by M. S. Khine, 3–22. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hofer, B. K., and P. R. Pintrich. 1997. “The Development of Epistemological Theories: Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing and Their Relation to Learning.” Review of Educational Research 67 (1): 88–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H., and J. N. Cappella. 2010. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kardash, C. M., and R. J. Scholes. 1996. “Effects of Pre-Exisiting Beliefs, Epistemological Beliefs, and Need for Cognition on Interpretation of Controversial Issues.” Journal of Educational Psychology 88 (2): 260–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. 2016. “The Role of Partisan Sources and Audiences’ Involvement in Bias Perceptions of Controversial News.” Media Psychology 19 (2): 203–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, P. M., and K. S. Kitchener. 1994. Developing Reflective Judgment: Understanding and Promoting Intellectual Growth and Critical Thinking in Adolescents and Adults. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Knight Foundation. 2018. “Perceived Accuracy and Bias in the News Media.” Knight Foundation. https://knightfoundation.org/reports/perceived-accuracy-and-bias-in-the-news-media.
   Google Scholar
• Kreiss, D. 2017. “The Fragmenting of the Civil Sphere: How Partisan Identity Shapes the Moral Evaluation of Candidates and Epistemology.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 5 (3): 443–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiss, D. 2018. “The Media Are About Identity, Not Information.” In Trump and the Media, edited by P. J. Boczkowski and Z. Papacharissi, 93–100. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kunda, Z. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (3): 480–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, C. G., L. Ross, and M. R. Lepper. 1979. “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (11): 2098–2109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger, M. J., E. H. Hartsell, and A. J. Flanagin. 2020. “Cognitive Dissonance or Credibility? A Comparison of Two Theoretical Explanations for Selective Exposure to Partisan News.” Communication Research 47 (1): 3–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muis, K. R., L. D. Bendixen, and F. C. Haerle. 2006. “Domain-Generality and Domain-Specificity in Personal Epistemology Research: Philosophical and Empirical Reflections in the Development of a Theoretical Framework.” Educational Psychology Review 18 (1): 3–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickerson, R. S. 1998. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises.” Review of General Psychology 2 (2): 175–220.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, H. J., J. Park, and W. Wanta. 2011. “Exploring Factors in the Hostile Media Perception: Partisanship, Electoral Engagement, and Media Use Patterns.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 88 (1): 40–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., and D. G. Rand. 2019. “Lazy, Not Biased: Susceptibility to Partisan Fake News is Better Explained by Lack of Reasoning than by Motivated Reasoning.” Cognition 188: 39–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., and D. G. Rand. 2020. “Who Falls for Fake News? The Roles of Bullshit Receptivity, Overclaiming, Familiarity, and Analytic Thinking.” Journal of Personality 88 (2): 185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff, R. M. 2015. “A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect.” Mass Communication and Society 18 (6): 701–729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, W. G. 1970. Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2017. April 2017 Political Survey. https://www.people-press.org/dataset/april-2017-political-survey.
   Google Scholar
• Porsch, T., and R. Bromme. 2011. “Effects of Epistemological Sensitization on Source Choices.” Instructional Science 39 (6): 805–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, S. A. 2012. “A Self-Categorization Explanation for the Hostile Media Effect.” Journal of Communication 62 (3): 381–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach, M. 1954. “The Nature and Meaning of Dogmatism.” Psychological Review 61 (3): 194–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schommer, M. 1990. “Effects of Beliefs About the Nature of Knowledge on Comprehension.” Journal of Educational Psychology 82 (3): 498–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraw, G., L. D. Bendixen, and M. E. Dunkle. 2004. “Development and Evaluation of the Epistemic Belief Inventory (EBI).” In Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing, edited by B. K. Hofer, and P. R. Pintrich, 261–275. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, D. K., and G. L. Cohen. 2002. “Accepting Threatening Information: Self–Affirmation and the Reduction of Defensive Biases.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 (4): 119–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strømsø, H. I., I. Bråten, and M. A. Britt. 2011. “Do Students’ Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing Predict Their Judgement of Texts’ Trustworthiness?” Educational Psychology 31 (2): 177–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappin, B. M., G. Pennycook, and D. G. Rand. 2020. “Bayesian or Biased? Analytic Thinking and Political Belief Updating.” Cognition 204: 104375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. 2017. 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., and M. Tully. 2015. “Media Literacy Messages and Hostile Media Perceptions: Processing of Nonpartisan Versus Partisan Political Information.” Mass Communication and Society 18 (4): 422–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., M. Tully, H. Akin, and H. Rojas. 2012. “Modifying Perceptions of Hostility and Credibility of News Coverage of an Environmental Controversy Through Media Literacy.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 13 (7): 942–959.
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. 2018. “Truth is What Happens to News: On Journalism, Fake News, and Post-Truth.” Journalism Studies 19 (13): 1866–1878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. 2019. “The Progressive Promises and the Reality of News Beyond Industrial Journalism.” Australian Journalism Review 41 (1): 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Whitmire, E. 2004. “The Relationship Between Undergraduates’ Epistemological Beliefs, Reflective Judgment, and Their Information-Seeking Behavior.” Information Processing & Management 40 (1): 97–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar