Using Facebook to Discuss Aspects of Industry Safety: How Women Journalists Enact Ethics of Care in Online Professional Space

References

• American Society of News Editors. 2018. Newsroom diversity survey. https://members.newsleaders.org/newsroom_diversitysurvey.
   Google Scholar
• Appelgren, E. 2016. “Journalists Using Facebook: A Study of a Resource Group Created by Journalists, for Journalists.” Nordicom Review 37 (1): 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam, R., and Di Cicco, D. T. 2010. “When Women run the Newsroom: Management Change, Gender, and the News.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 87 (2): 393–410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossio, Diana, and Avery E. Holton. 2018. “The Identity Dilemma: Identity Drivers and Social Media Fatigue Among Journalists.” Popular Communication 16 (4): 248–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2018.1535658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, B. K., and C. P. Dunn. 1996. “Feminist Ethics as Moral Grounding for Stakeholder Theory.” Business Ethics Quarterly 6 (2): 132–147.
   Google Scholar
• Bybee, C. 1990. “Constructing Women as Authorities: Local Journalism and the Microphysics of Power.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (3): 197–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byerly, C. 2011. Global Report on the Status of Women in the News Media. International Women’s Media Foundation. https://www.iwmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IWMF-Global-Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, Marcie A., Wendy R. Boswell, Mark V. Roehling, and John W. Boudreau. 2000. “An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers.” Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (1): 65–74. http://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.85.1.65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, D., L. Steiner, and C. Fleming. 2004. Women in Journalism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M. 2015. “Why do Women Bloggers use Social Media? Recreation and Information Motivations Outweigh Engagement Motivations.” New Media & Society 17 (1): 24–40. doi:10.1177/1461444813504269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M., P. Pain, V. Y. Chen, M. Mekelburg, N. Springer, and F. Troger. 2018. ““You Really Have to Have a Thick Skin”: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on how Online Harassment Influences Female Journalists.” Journalism 00 (0): 1–19. doi:10.1177/1464884918768500.
   Google Scholar
• Committee to Protect Journalists. 2020. https://cpj.org
   Google Scholar
• Craft, S., and Wanta, W. 2004. “Women in the Newsroom: Influences of Female Editors and Reporters on the News Agenda.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81: 124–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson-Scott, S. 1993. “Beyond Reason: A Feminist Theory of Ethics for Journalists.” Feminist Issues Spring: 23–40.
   Google Scholar
• Eckert, S., and L. Steiner. 2018. “Sexual Harassment in Media Education.” Communication, Culture & Critique 11: 484–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmore, C. 2009. “Turning Points and Turnover among Female Journalists Communicating Resistance and Repression.” Women’s Studies in Communication 32 (2): 232–254.
   Google Scholar
• Everbach, T., and C. Flournoy. 2007. “Women Leave Journalism for Better pay, Work Conditions.” Newspaper Research Journal 28 (3): 52–64.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrier, M. 2018. Attacks and Harassment: The Impact on Female Journalists and Their Reporting. International Women’s Media Foundation. https://www.iwmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Attacks-and-Harassment.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Finn, S., and M. B. Gorr. 1988. “Social Isolation and Social Support as Correlates of Television Viewing Motivations.” Communication Research 15: 135–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finneman, Teri, Ryan J. Thomas, and Joy Jenkins. 2019. ““I Always Watched Eyewitness News Just to See Your Beautiful Smile”: Ethical Implications of U.S. Women TV Anchors’ Personal Branding on Social Media.” Journal of Media Ethics 34 (3): 146–159. http://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2019.1638260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner, B. 2018. ““It’s a Terrible way to go to Work”: What 70 Million Readers’ Comments on the Guardian Revealed About Hostility to Women and Minorities Online.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 592–608. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. 1982. A Different Voice. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, G., P. M. Haridakis, A. Wagstaff Cunningham, R. Sharma, and J. D. Ponder. 2010. “The 2008 Presidential Campaign: Political Cynicism in the age of Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube.” Mass Communication and Society 13: 584–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker, and Thomas Hanitzsch. 2017. “Comparing Journalistic Cultures Across Nations.” Journalism Studies 18 (5): 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1280229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J., N. Mosdell, and J. Griffiths. 2016. “Gender, Risk and Journalism.” Journalism Practice 10 (7): 902–916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawk, T. F. 2011. “An Ethic of Care: A Relational Ethic for the Relational Characteristics of Organizations.” In Applying Care Ethics to Business, edited by M. Hamington and M. Sander-Staudt, 3–34. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A F. 2018. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Høiby, M., and M. Garrido. 2020. “Reconsidering Journalist Safety Training.” Media and Communication 8 (1): 68–77. doi:10.17645/mac.v8i1.2525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Joy, and Teri Finneman. 2017. “Gender Trouble in the Workplace: Applying Judith Butler’s Theory of Performativity to News Organizations.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (2): 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1308412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., J. Blumler, and M. Gurevitch. 1974. “Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual.” In The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research, edited by G. J. Blumler and E. Katz, 19–32. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Khalidi, F. (2017, July 11). We can’t ignore Trump’s sexist treatment of female reporters. Women’s Media Center. http://www.womensmediacenter.com/fbomb/we-cant-ignore-trumps-sexist-treatment-of-female-reporters.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Y. Kim, Y. Wang, and N. Y. Lee. 2016. “Uses and Gratifications, Journalists’ Twitter use, and Relational Satisfaction with the Public.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 60 (3): 503–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, M. J. 1993. An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lull, J. 1980. “The Social Uses of Television.” Human Communication Research 6: 197–209.
   Google Scholar
• McQuail, D., J. G. Blumler, and J. R. Brown. 1972. “The Television Audience: A Revised Perspective.” In Sociology of Mass Communications, edited by D. McQuail, 135–165. Middlesex, England: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer, K., and R. Jahng. 2019. “Nasty Writers: Uses and Gratifications of Private, Online Space in the age of Trump.” Media Report to Women 47 (4): 6–21.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K. C., and S. C. Lewis. 2020. “Journalists, Harassment, and Emotional Labor: The Case of Women in on-air Roles at US Local Television Stations.” Journalism, 1–19. doi:10.1177/1464884919899016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molyneux, L., and R. Zamith. 2020. “Surveying Journalists in the “New Normal”: Considerations and Recommendations.” Journalism, 1–18. doi:10.1177/1464884920935277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. 2001. “Impairment and Disability: Constructing an Ethics of Care That Promotes Human Rights.” Hypatia 16 (4): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Noddings, N. 1984. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics & Moral Education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• North, L. 2015. “Damaging and Daunting: Female Journalists’ Experiences of Sexual Harassment in the Newsroom.” Feminist Media Studies 16 (3): 495–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, L., and J. Melki. 2018. “Shape Shifting in the Conflict Zone: The Strategic Performance of Gender in Ware Reporting.” Journalism Studies 19 (1): 126–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posetti, J., N. Aboulez, K. Bontheva, J. Harrison, and S. Waisbord. 2020. Online Violence Against Women Journalists: A Global Snapshot of Incidence and Impacts. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.icfj.org/our-work/icfj-unesco-global-study-online-violence-against-women-journalists.
   Google Scholar
• Pruchniewska, U. 2019. ““A Group That’s Just Women for Women”: Feminist Affordances of Private Facebook Groups for Professionals.” New Media & Society 21 (6): 1362–1379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reporters Without Borders. 2019. 2019 World Press Freedom Index – A cycle of fear. https://rsf.org/en/2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, F. 2011. The Ethics of Care: A Feminist Approach to Human Security. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, Shelly, and Qimei Chen. 2005. “Internet Community Group Participation: Psychosocial Benefits for Women with Breast Cancer.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00268.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., and R. B. Rubin. 1982. “Contextual age and Television use.” Human Communication Research 8: 228–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter, A., E. Newman, B. J. Brummel, and S. Drevo. 2018. “Journalist Safety Trainings: Effective for all?” Australian Journalism Review 40 (2): 53–65.
   Google Scholar
• Slote, M. 2007. The Ethics of Care and Empathy. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford, Marla Royne, and Thomas F. Stafford. 1996. “Mechanical Commercial Avoidance: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective.” Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 18 (2): 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1996.10505049.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford, T. F., M. R. Stafford, and L. L. Schkade. 2004. “Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet.” Decision Sciences 35 (2): 259–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, L. 2017. “Women war Reporters’ Resistance and Silence in the Face of Sexism and Sexual Violence.” Media & Journalismo 17 (30): 11–25.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, R. 1998. “The Ethic of Care: A Feminist Virtue Ethics of Care for Healthcare Practitioners.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 23 (2): 131–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, N. 2014. Making News at the New York Times. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vanacker, B., and J. Breslin. 2006. “Ethics of Care: More Than Just Another Tool to Bash the Media?” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 21 (2&3): 196–214.
   Google Scholar
• van Zoonen, L. 2002. “One of the Girls? The Changing Gender of Journalism.” In News, Gender and Power, edited by C. Carter, G. Branston, and S. Allan, 26–32. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Women’s Media Center. 2019. The status of women in the U.S. media 2019. https://womensmediacenter.com/reports/the-status-of-women-in-u-s-media-2019
   Google Scholar