Using Panel Data to Study Political Interest, News Media Trust, and News Media use in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic

References

• Araujo, T., A. Wonneberger, P. Neijens, and C. de Vreese. 2017. “How Much Time do you Spend Online? Understanding and Improving the Accuracy of Self-Reported Measures of Internet use.” Communication Methods and Measures 11 (3): 173–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball-Rokeach, S. J. 1998. “A Theory of Media Power and a Theory of Media use: Different Stories, Questions, and Ways of Thinking.” Mass Communication and Society, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9676398.
   Google Scholar
• Ball-Rokeach, S. J., and M. L. Defleur. 1976. “A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects.” Communication Research 3 (1): 3–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. 2011. “Stimulating or Reinforcing Political Interest: Using Panel Data to Examine Reciprocal Effects Between News Media and Political Interest.” Political Communication 28 (2): 147–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.540305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennen, J. S., F. M. Simon, P. N. Howard, and R. K. Nielsen. 2020. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Retrieved from http://www.primaonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19_reuters.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Q., C. Min, W. Zhang, G. Wang, X. Ma, and R. Evans. 2020. “Unpacking the Black box: How to Promote Citizen Engagement Through Government Social Media During the COVID-19 Crisis.” Computers in Human Behavior 110), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin, K., Y. de Haan, R. Vliegenthart, S. Kruikemeier, and M. Boukes. 2021. “News Avoidance During the COVID-19 Crisis: Understanding Information Overload.” Digital Journalism, 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1957967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vreese, C. H., and P. Neijens. 2016. “Measuring Media Exposure in a Changing Communications Environment.” Communication Methods and Measures 10 (2-3): 69–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1150441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, S. 1984. Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable. New York, NY: AMACOM Books.
   Google Scholar
• Finkel, S. E. 2008. “Linear Panel Analysis.” In Handbook of Longitudinal Research: Design, Measurement, and Analysis, 475–504. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R., and S. Park. 2017. “The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation.” Digital Journalism 5 (10): 1281–1299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Bailón, S. 2017. Decoding the Social World: Data Science and the Unintended Consequences of Communication. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopmann, D. N., A. Shehata, and J. Strömbäck. 2015. “Contagious Media Effects: How Media use and Exposure to Game-Framed News Influence Media Trust.” Mass Communication and Society 18 (6): 776–798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1022190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, B., and D. Zhang. 2014. “Channel Selection and Knowledge Acquisition During the 2009 Beijing H1N1 flu Crisis: A Media System Dependency Theory Perspective.” Chinese Journal of Communication 7 (3): 299–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2014.926951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackob, N. 2010. “No Alternatives?” The Relationship Between Perceived Media Dependency, use of Alternative Information Sources, and General Trust in Mass Media. International Journal of Communication 4: 589–606.
   Google Scholar
• Kalogeropoulos, A., J. Suiter, L. Udris, and M. Eisenegger. 2019. “News Media Trust and News Consumption: Factors Related to Trust in News in 35 Countries.” International Journal of Communication 13: 3672–3693. doi:https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-175863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. C., J. Y. Jung, E. L. Cohen, and S. J. Ball-Rokeach. 2004. “Internet Connectedness Before and After September 11 2001.” New Media & Society 6 (5): 611–631. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/146144804047083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruikemeier, S., and A. Shehata. 2017. “News Media use and Political Engagement among Adolescents: An Analysis of Virtuous Circles Using Panel Data.” Political Communication 34 (2): 221–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1174760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecheler, S., and C. H. de Vreese. 2017. “News Media, Knowledge, and Political Interest: Evidence of a Dual Role from a Field Experiment.” Journal of Communication 67 (4): 545–564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Léger, D., F. Beck, L. Fressard, P. Verger, P. Peretti-Watel, P. Peretti-Watel, … J. Ward. 2020. “Poor Sleep Associated with Overuse of Media During the COVID-19 Lockdown.” Sleep, doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa125.
   Google Scholar
• Lowrey, W. 2004. “Media Dependency During a Large-Scale Social Disruption: The Case of September 11.” Mass Communication and Society 7 (3): 339–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0703_5.
   Google Scholar
• Moeller, J., and C. de Vreese. 2013. “The Differential Role of the Media as an Agent of Political Socialization in Europe.” European Journal of Communication 28 (3): 309–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113482447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, J., A. Shehata, and S. Kruikemeier. 2018. “Internet use and Political Interest: Growth Curves, Reinforcing Spirals, and Causal Effects During Adolescence.” Journal of Communication 68 (6): 1052–1078. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, N., R. Fletcher, A. Schulz, S. Andı, and R. K. Nielsen. 2020. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 (Tech. Rep.).
   Google Scholar
• Newman, N., D. Levy, and R. K. Nielsen. 2019. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 (Tech. Rep.).
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, R. K., R. Fletcher, N. Newman, J. S. Brennen, and P. N. Howard. 2020. Navigating the ‘infodemic’: How people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus (Tech. Rep.).
   Google Scholar
• Prior, M. 2007. “Post–Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. Cambridge.” England: Cambridge University Press, doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878425.
   Google Scholar
• Prior, M. 2010. “You’ve Either got it or you Don’t?” The Stability of Political Interest Over the Life Cycle. Journal of Politics 72 (3): 747–766. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381610000149.
   Google Scholar
• Reinemann, C., J. Stanyer, and S. Scherr. 2016. “Hard and Soft News.” In Comparing Political Journalism, edited by C. D. Vreese, E. Frank, and D. N. Hopmann, 131–149. London: England: Routledge. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315622286
   Google Scholar
• Scharkow, M. 2016. “The Accuracy of Self-Reported Internet use: A Validation Study Using Client log Data.” Communication Methods and Measures 10 (1): 13–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2015.1118446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharkow, M. 2019. “The Reliability and Temporal Stability of Self-Reported Media Exposure: A Meta-Analysis.” Communication Methods and Measures 13 (3): 198–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2019.1594742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata, A., and E. Amnå. 2019. “The Development of Political Interest among Adolescents: A Communication Mediation Approach Using Five Waves of Panel Data.” Communication Research 46 (8): 1055–1077. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217714360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D. 2007. “Reinforcing Spirals: The Mutual Influence of Media Selectivity and Media Effects and Their Impact on Individual Behavior and Social Identity.” Communication Theory 17 (3): 281–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J., K. Falasca, and S. Kruikemeier. 2018. “The mix of Media use Matters: Investigating the Effects of Individual News Repertoires on Offline and Online Political Participation.” Political Communication 35 (3): 413–432. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1385549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J., and A. Shehata. 2010. “Media Malaise or a Virtuous Circle? Exploring the Causal Relationships Between News Media Exposure, Political News Attention and Political Interest.” European Journal of Political Research 49 (5): 575–597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01913.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J., and A. Shehata. 2019. “The Reciprocal Effects Between Political Interest and TV News Revisited: Evidence from Four Panel Surveys.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 96 (2): 473–496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018793998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J., Y. Tsfati, H. Boomgaarden, A. Damstra, E. Lindgren, R. Vliegenthart, and T. Lindholm. 2020. “News Media Trust and its Impact on Media use: Toward a Framework for Future Research.” Annals of the International Communication Association 44 (2): 139–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1755338.
   Google Scholar
• Tai, Z., and T. Sun. 2007. “Media Dependencies in a Changing Media Environment: The Case of the 2003 SARS Epidemic in China.” New Media & Society 9 (6): 987–1009. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807082691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y. 2010. “Online News Exposure and Trust in the Mainstream Media: Exploring Possible Associations.” American Behavioral Scientist 54 (1): 22–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y., and J. N. Cappella. 2003. “Do People Watch What They do not Trust? Exploring the Association Between News Media Skepticism and Exposure.” Communication Research 30 (5): 504–529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Aelst, P., J. Strömbäck, T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. de Vreese, J. Matthes, … J. Stanyer. 2017. “Political Communication in a High-Choice Media Environment: A Challenge for Democracy?” Annals of the International Communication Association 41 (1): 3–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551.
   Google Scholar
• van Deth, J. W. 2000. “Interesting but Irrelevant: Social Capital and the Saliency of Politics in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 37 (2): 115–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007088702196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeer, S. A. M., D. Trilling, S. Kruikemeier, and C. de Vreese. 2020. “Online News User Journeys: The Role of Social Media, News Websites, and Topics.” Digital Journalism 8 (9): 1114–1141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1767509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
   Google Scholar