When Journalists are Voiceless: How Lifestyle Journalists Cover Hate and Mitigate Harassment

References

• Adams, Catherine. 2018. “‘They Go For Gender First’ the Nature and Effect of Sexist Abuse of Female Technology Journalists.” Journalism Practice 12 (7): 850–869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunovic, Dunja. 2019. “‘We Wouldn’t Say It To Their Faces’: Online Harassment, Women Sports Journalists, and Feminism.” Feminist Media Studies 19 (3): 428–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bélair-Gagnon, Valérie, Diana Bossio, Avery E. Holton, and Logan Molyneux. 2022. “Disconnection: How Measured Separations From Journalistic Norms and Labor Can Help Sustain Journalism.” Social Media+ Society 8: 1. doi:10.1177/20563051221077217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt, Sue Robinson, and Seth C. Lewis. 2021. “Digital Press Criticism: The Symbolic Dimensions of Donald Trump’s Assault On US Journalists As the ‘Enemy of the People’.” Digital Journalism 9 (6): 737–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Gina Masullo, Paromita Pain, Victoria Y. Chen, Madlin Mekelburg, Nina Springer, and Franziska Troger. 2020. “‘You Really Have to Have a Thick Skin’: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on How Online Harassment Influences Female Journalists.” Journalism 21 (7): 877–895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Lydia, and Edson C. Tandoc Jr. 2022. “From Magazines to Blogs: The Shifting Boundaries of Fashion Journalism.” Journalism 23 (6): 1213–1232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheruiyot, David. 2022. “Comparing Risks to Journalism: Media Criticism in the Digital Hate.” Digital Journalism 1–20. doi:10.1080/21670811.2022.2030243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bustamante, Celeste González, and Jeannine E. Relly. 2021. Surviving Mexico: Resistance and Resilience Among Journalists in the Twenty-First Century. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• DiCaro, Julie. 2021. “Under the Bridge: A Female Journalist’s Life Among the Sports Troll Army.” The Guardian, March 16. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/16/dont-feed-the-trolls-its-terrible-advice-for-female-sports-journalists.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, Brooke Erin. 2017. (Not) Getting Paid to Do What You Love: Gender, Social Media, and Aspirational Work. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, Andrew, and Yang Yuhong Ashley. 2012. “Bread and Circuses: Food Meets Politics in the Singapore Media.” Journalism Practice 6 (1): 59–74.
   Google Scholar
• Duggan, Maeve. 2017. “Online Harassment 2017.” Pew Research Center, July 11. http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/.
   Google Scholar
• Eckert, Stine. 2018. “Fighting for Recognition: Online Abuse of Women Bloggers in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” New Media & Society 20 (4): 1282–1302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egelhofer, Jana Laura, and Sophie Lecheler. 2019. “Fake News as a Two-Dimensional Phenomenon: A Framework and Research Agenda.” Annals of the International Communication Association 43 (2): 97–116.
   Google Scholar
• Everbach, Tracy. 2018. “‘I Realized it was About Them … not me’: Women Sports Journalists and Harassment.” In Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment, edited by Jacqueline Ryan Vickery, and Tracy Everbach, 131–149. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrucci, Patrick, and Gregory Perreault. 2021. “The Liability of Newness: Journalism, Innovation and the Issue of Core Competencies.” Journalism Studies 22 (11): 1436–1449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fram, Sheila M. 2013. “The Constant Comparative Analysis Method Outside of Grounded Theory.” The Qualitative Report 18 (1): 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Fürsich, Elfriede. 2012. “Lifestyle Journalism as Popular Journalism: Strategies For Evaluating Its Public Role.” Journalism Practice 6 (1): 12–25.
   Google Scholar
• Fürsich, Elfriede. 2013. “Lifestyle Journalism As Popular Journalism: Strategies For Evaluating Its Public Role.” In Lifestyle Journalism, edited by Folker Hanusch, 11–24. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, Barney G., Anselm L. Strauss, and Elizabeth Strutzel. 1968. “The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies For Qualitative Research.” Nursing Research 17 (4): 364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutsche, Robert. 2022. The Future of the Presidency, Journalism and Democracy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hamada, Basyouni Ibrahim. 2021. “Determinants of Journalists’ Autonomy and Safety: Evidence from the Worlds of Journalism Study.” Journalism Practice, 6 (8): 1715–1735. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1871861.
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Tim P. Vos. 2018. “Journalism Beyond Democracy: A new Look Into Journalistic Roles in Political and Everyday Life.” Journalism 19 (2): 146–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker. 2010. “The Dimensions of Travel Journalism: Exploring New Fields for Journalism Research Beyond the News.” Journalism Studies 11 (1): 68–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker. 2012. “A Profile of Australian Travel Journalists’ Professional Views and Ethical Standards.” Journalism 13 (5): 668–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker. 2018. “Political Journalists’ Corporate and Personal Identities on Twitter Profile Pages: A Comparative Analysis In Four Westminster Democracies.” New Media & Society 20 (4): 1488–1505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker. 2019. “Journalistic Roles and Everyday Life: An Empirical Account of Lifestyle Journalists’ Professional Views.” Journalism Studies 20 (2): 193–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker, Sandra Banjac, and Phoebe Maares. 2020. “The Power of Commercial Influences: How Lifestyle Journalists Experience Pressure from Advertising and Public Relations.” Journalism Practice 14 (9): 1029–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker, and Thomas Hanitzsch. 2013. “Mediating Orientation and Self-Expression in the World of Consumption: Australian and German Lifestyle Journalists’ Professional Views.” Media, Culture & Society 35 (8): 943–959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker, Thomas Hanitzsch, and Corinna Lauerer. 2017. “‘How Much Love Are You Going to Give This Brand?’ Lifestyle Journalists on Commercial Influences in Their Work.” Journalism 18 (2): 141–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker, and Phoebe Maares. 2020. “News Production.” In A Handbook of Media and Communication Research, 93–111. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, Marie, Stacie Shain, and Kelly Shultz-Poniatowski. 2008. “‘There's No Sex Attached to Your Occupation’: The Revolving Door For Young Women In Sports Journalism.” Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 17 (1): 68–79.
   Google Scholar
• Henrichsen, Jennifer R., and Martin Shelton. 2022. “Expanding the Analytical Boundaries of Mob Censorship: How Technology and Infrastructure Enable Novel Threats to Journalists and Strategies for Mitigation.” Digital Journalism, 1–20. doi:10.1080/21670811.2022.2112520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holton, Avery E., Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Diana Bossio, and Logan Molyneux. 2021. “‘Not Their Fault, But Their Problem’: Organizational Responses to the Online Harassment of Journalists.” Journalism Practice, 1–16. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kananovich, Volha, and Gregory Perreault. 2021. “Audience as Journalistic Boundary Worker: The Rhetorical Use of Comments to Critique Media Practice, Assert Legitimacy and Claim Authority.” Journalism Studies 22 (3): 322–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerber, Amy, and Lonie McMichael. 2008. “Qualitative Sampling Methods: A Primer For Technical Communicators.” Journal of Business and Technical Communication 22 (4): 454–473. doi:10.1177/1050651908320362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koliska, Michael, Kalyani Chadha, and Alison Burns. 2020. “Talking Back: Journalists Defending Attacks Against Their Profession in the Trump Era.” Journalism Studies 21 (11): 1496–1513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfgren Nilsson, Monica, and Henrik Örnebring. 2016. “Journalism Under Threat: Intimidation and Harassment of Swedish Journalists.” Journalism Practice 10 (7): 880–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maares, Phoebe, and Folker Hanusch. 2020. “Exploring the Boundaries of Journalism: Instagram Micro-Bloggers in the Twilight Zone of Lifestyle Journalism.” Journalism 21 (2): 262–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malterud, Kirsti, Volkert Dirk Siersma, and Ann Dorrit Guassora. 2016. “Sample Size In Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided By Information Power.” Qualitative Health Research 26 (13): 1753–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaurr, Lyn. 2012. “The Devil May Care: Travel Journalism, Cosmopolitan Concerns, Politics and the Brand.” Journalism Practice 6 (1): 42–58.
   Google Scholar
• Meny, Ellen. 2017. “Local TV News Has a Harassment Problem—From the People Who Watch The News.” Vox, December 6. https://www.vox.com/first-person/2017/12/6/16742228/local-tv-news-sexual-harassment.
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer, Kelsey. 2022. An Intersectional Analysis of US Journalists’ Experiences With Hostile Sources.” Journalism & Communication Monographs 24 (3): 156–216.
   Google Scholar
• Mesmer, Kelsey, and M. Rosie Jahng. 2021. “Using Facebook to Discuss Aspects of Industry Safety: How Women Journalists Enact Ethics of Care In Online Professional Space.” Journalism Studies 22 (8): 1083–1102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Kaitlin C. 2021a. “Hostility Toward the Press: A Synthesis of Terms, Research, and Future Directions in Examining Harassment of Journalists.” Digital Journalism, 1–20. doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.1991824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Kaitlin C. 2021b. “Harassment’s Toll on Democracy: The Effects of Harassment Towards US Journalists.” Journalism Practice, 1–20. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.2008809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Kaitlin C., and Seth C. Lewis. 2020. “Journalists, Harassment, and Emotional Labor: The Case of Women in on-air Roles at US Local Television Stations.” Journalism 23 (1): 79–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molyneux, Logan, Avery Holton, and Seth C. Lewis. 2018. “How Journalists Engage in Branding On Twitter: Individual, Organizational, and Institutional Levels.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (10): 1386–1401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourão, Rachel R. 2021. “When the Right Protests: How Journalists Cover Conservative Movements.” Journalism Practice 1–18. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1984281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, Jacob L. 2021. Imagined Audiences: How Journalists Perceive and Pursue the Public. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Obermaier, Magdalena, Michaela Hofbauer, and Carsten Reinemann. 2018. “Journalists As Targets of Hate Speech. How German Journalists Perceive the Consequences For Themselves and How They Cope With It.” SCM Studies in Communication and Media 7 (4): 499–524.
   Google Scholar
• Pain, Paromita, and Victoria Chen. 2019. “This Reporter Is So Ugly, How Can She Appear On TV? Negotiating Gender Online and Offline In Taiwanese Media.” Journalism Practice 13 (2): 140–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory P., and Valérie Bélair-Gagnon. 2022. “The Lifestyle of Lifestyle Journalism: How Reporters Discursively Manage Their Aspirations in Their Daily Work.” Journalism Practice, 1–19. doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2111697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory, and Folker Hanusch. 2022. “Field Insurgency in Lifestyle Journalism: How Lifestyle Journalists Marginalize Instagram Influencers and Protect Their Autonomy.” New Media & Society, doi:10.1177/146144482211042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory, Brett Johnson, and Leslie Klein. 2022. “Covering Hate: Field Theory and Journalistic Role Conception in Reporting On White Nationalist Rallies.” Journalism Practice 16 (6): 1117–1133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory, and Kimberly Meltzer. 2022. “Metajournalistic Discourse and Reporting Policies on White Nationalism.” Journal of Communication Inquiry. doi:10.1177/01968599211072452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory, Ruth Moon, Jessica Fargen Walsh, and Mildred F. Perreault. 2022. “‘It’s Not Hate but … ”: Marginal Categories in Rural Journalism.” Journalism Practice, 1–20. doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2075782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory, and Daniel Nölleke. 2022. “What is Sports Journalism? How COVID-19 Accelerated a Redefining of US Sports Reporting.” Journalism Studies, 1–20. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2022.2117237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory, Jonathan Peters, Brett Johnson, and Leslie Klein. 2021. “How Journalists Think About the First Amendment Vis-À-Vis Their Coverage of Hate Groups.” International Journal of Communication 15 (2021): 4129–4146.
   Google Scholar
• Perreault, Gregory P., and Tim P. Vos. 2018. “The Gamergate Controversy and Journalistic Paradigm Maintenance.” Journalism 19 (4): 553–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posetti, Julie, Nabeelah Shabbir, Diana Maynard, Kalina Bontcheva, and Nermine Aboulez. 2021. “The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence against Women Journalists.” UNESCO, April 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Posetti, Julie, and Hanna Storm. 2018. “Violence Against Women Journalists—Online and Offline.” In Setting the Gender Agenda for Communication Policy: New Proposals from the Global Alliance on Media and Gender, edited by Aimée Vega-Montiel, and Sarah Macharia, 75–86. London: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Post, Senja, and Hans Mathias Kepplinger. 2019. “Coping with Audience Hostility. How Journalists’ Experiences of Audience Hostility Influence Their Editorial Decisions.” Journalism Studies 20 (16): 2422–2442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, Wooyeol, Changwook Kim, and Jaewon Joo. 2021. “Hating Journalism: Anti-Press Discourse and Negative Emotions Toward Journalism In Korea.” Journalism 22 (5): 1239–1255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovsgaard, Morten, and Peter Bro. 2016. “Journalistic Roles in the Mediated Public Sphere.” In Journalistic Role Performance, edited by Claudia Mellado, Lea Hellmueller, and Wolfgang Donsbach, 78–92. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sreedharan, Chindu, Einar Thorsen, and Ananya Gouthi. 2020. “Time's up. Or is it? Journalists’ Perceptions of Sexual Violence and Newsroom Changes After #MeTooIndia.” Journalism Practice 14 (2): 132–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandoc, Edson C., Karryl Kim Sagun, and Katrina Paola Alvarez. 2021. “The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines.” Journalism Practice, 1–16. doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1981774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, Nikki. 2016. Interactive Journalism: Hackers, Data, and Code. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, Silvio. 2020. “Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism.” Digital Journalism 8 (8): 1030–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar