Reconceptualising Transparency in Journalism: Thinking Through Secrecy and PR Press Releases in News Cultures

References

• Albu, O. B., and M. Flyverbom. 2019. “Organizational Transparency: Conceptualizations, Conditions, and Consequences.” Business & Society 58 (2): 268–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650316659851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchall, C. 2011. “Introduction to “Secrecy and Transparency”: The Politics of Opacity and Openness.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (7-8): 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411427744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchall, C. 2021. Radical Secrecy: The Ends of Transparency in Datafied America. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boumans, J. 2018. “Subsidizing the News? Organizational Press Releases’ Influence on News Media’s Agenda and Content.” Journalism Studies 19 (15): 2264–2282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1338154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, C. 2022. Public Relations and the Digital: Professional Discourse and Change. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Brighenti, A. 2007. “Visibility: A Category for the Social Sciences.” Current Sociology 55 (3): 323–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107076079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairncross, F. 2019. The Cairncross Review: A Sustainable Future for Journalism https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/779882/021919_DCMS_Cairncross_Review_.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chadha, K., and M. Koliska. 2015. “Newsrooms and Transparency in the Digital Age.” Journalism Practice 9 (2): 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.924737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, P., M. Keppel-Palmer, S. Reardon, and T. Smith. 2021. “It Is Criminal: The State of Magistrates’ Court Reporting in England and Wales.” Journalism 22 (9): 2404–2420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919868049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, L. T., and J. Cornelisson. 2015. “Organizational Transparency as Myth and Metaphor.” European Journal of Social Theory 18 (2): 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431014555256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, A. M. 2018. Public Relations Capitalism: Promotional Culture, Publics and Commercial Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, A. M. 2023. Secrecy in Public Relations, Mediation and News Cultures: The Shadow World of the Media Sphere. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Curran, J. 2022. “An End to Futility: A Modest Proposal.” In The Future of Media, edited by J. Zylinska, 42–52. London: Goldsmiths.
   Google Scholar
• Curry Jansen, S. 2017. Stealth Communication: The Spectacular Rise of Public Relations. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Cushion, S. 2023. Beyond Mainstream Media: Alternative Media and the Future of Journalism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Damstra, A., H. G. Boomgaarden, E. Brodac, E. Lindgrend, J. Strömbäckc, Y. Tsfati, and R. Vliegenthart. 2021. “What Does Fake Look Like? A Review of the Literature on Intentional Deception in the News and on Social Media.” Journalism Studies 22 (14): 1947–1963. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1979423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. 2013. Promotional Cultures: The Rise and Spread of Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing and Branding. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dean, J. 2002. Publicity’s Secret: How Technoculture Capitalizes on Democracy. New York: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. 2005. “What Is Journalism?: Professional Identity and Ideology of Journalists Reconsidered.” Journalism 6 (4): 442–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, L. 2018. Understanding Public Relations: Theory, Culture and Society. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, L. 2020. “Transparency, Publicity, Democracy, and Markets: Inhabiting Tensions Through Hybridity.” The American Behavioral Scientist 64 (11): 1545–1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220945350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzioni, A. 2010. “Is Transparency the Best Disinfectant?” The Journal of Political Philosophy 18 (4): 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2010.00366.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenster, M. 2017. The Transparency Fix: Secrets, Leaks and Uncontrollable Information. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, M. 1980. Manufacturing the News. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flyverbom, M. 2016. “Transparency: Mediation and the Management of Visibilities.” International Journal of Communication 10: 110–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forde, S., and J. Johnston. 2013. “The News Triumvirate: Public Relations, Wire Agencies and Online Copy.” Journalism Studies 14 (1): 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.679859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, edited by C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1990. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, trans. Robert Hurley. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1991. “Truth and Power.” In The Foucault Reader, edited by P. Rabinow, 51–75. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, B. 2010. “Sources, Credibility and the Continuing Crisis of UK Journalism.” In Journalists, Sources, and Credibility: New Perspectives, edited by B. Franklin, and M. Carlson, 90–106. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gandy, O. H. 1982. Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy. New York: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, H. J. 1980. Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. London: Constable.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, H. J. 2003. Democracy and the News. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haapanen, L. 2022. “Problematising the Restoration of Trust Through Transparency: Focusing on Quoting.” Journalism 23 (4): 875–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920934236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, D., and K. Moloney. 2016. “Inside Churnalism: PR, Journalism and Power Relationships in Flux.” Journalism Studies 17 (6): 763–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1017597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. A., and B. St. John III. 2021. “Transparency in the News: The Impact of Self-Disclosure and Process Disclosure on the Perceived Credibility of the Journalist, the Story, and the Organization.” Journalism Studies 22 (7): 953–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1910542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M. 2020. “Dispersing the Opacity of Transparency in Journalism on the Appeal of Different Forms of Transparency to the General Public.” Journalism Studies 21 (13): 1795–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1790028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M., and C. Clerwall. 2018. “Transparency to the Rescue? Evaluating Citizens’ Views on Transparency Tools in Journalism.” Journalism Studies 19 (13): 1923–1933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M., C. Clerwall, and L. Nord. 2014. “You Ain’t Seen Nothing Yet: Transparency’s (Lack of) Effect on Source and Message Credibility.” Journalism Studies 15 (5): 668–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.886837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen, N. N. 2018. “Churnalism, Cultural (Inter)Mediation and Sourcing in Cultural Journalism.” Journalism Studies 19 (14): 2168–2186. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1330666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Cam, F., and D. Domingo. 2015. “The Tyranny of Immediacy: Gatekeeping Practices in French and Spanish Online Newsrooms.” In Gatekeeping in Transition, edited by T. Vos, and F. Heinderyckx, 123–140. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leigh, D. 2019. Investigative Journalism: A Survival Guide. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., A. Williams, and B. Franklin. 2008a. “A Compromised Fourth Estate? UK Journalism, Public Relations and News Sources.” Journalism Studies 9 (1): 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., A. Williams, and B. Franklin. 2008b. “Four Rumours and an Explanation.” Journalism Practice 2 (1): 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780701768493
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J., and L. Toogood. 2015. Journalism and PR: News Media and Public Relations in the Digital Age. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Macnamara, J. 2016. “The Continuing Convergence of Journalism and PR: New Insights for Ethical Practice from a Three-Country Study of Senior Practitioners.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 93 (1): 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015605803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manninen, V. J. E. 2020. “If Only They Knew: Audience Expectations and Actual Sourcing Practices in Online Journalism.” Journalism Practice 14 (4): 412–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1625719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashiah, I. 2021. “The Relationship Between Public-Relations and Journalists in WhatsApp Technology.” Public Relations Review 47 (5), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W. 2012. “Farewell to Journalism?” Journalism Studies 13 (5-6): 682–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.679868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, B. 2004. “PR Must Die: Spin, Anti-Spin and Political Public Relations in the UK 1997–2004.” Journalism Studies 5 (3): 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670042000246089
   Google Scholar
• Media Reform Coalition. 2023. Who Owns the UK Media? mediareform.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Who-Owns-the-UK-Media-2023.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Moloney, K., and C. McGrath. 2020. Rethinking Public Relations: Persuasion, Democracy and Society. 3rd edition. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, S. 2018. “Towards a Sociology of Institutional Transparency: Openness, Deception and the Problem of Public Trust.” Sociology 52 (2): 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516686530
   Google Scholar
• Perdomo, G., and P. Rodrigues-Rouleau. 2022. “Transparency as Metajournalistic Performance: The New York Times’ Caliphate Podcast and New Ways to Claim Journalistic Authority.” Journalism 23 (11): 2311–2327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884921997312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. 2010. “Old Sources: New Bottles. Journalists and Their Sources Online.” In New Media, Old News: Journalism and Democracy in a Digital Age, edited by N. Fenton, 87–101. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Reese, S. D. 2021. The Crisis of the Institutional Press. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Rusbridger, A. 2019. Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now. Edinburgh: Canongate.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. 2020. “The Shortcomings of Transparency for Democracy.” American Behavioral Scientist 61 (11): 1670–1678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220945347
   Google Scholar
• Simmel, G. 1906. “The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies.” American Journal of Sociology 11 (4): 441–498. https://doi.org/10.1086/211418
   Google Scholar
• Sissons, H. 2016. “Negotiating the News: Interactions Behind the Curtain of the Journalism–Public Relations Relationship.” Journalism Studies 17 (2): 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.973147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl, C., M. Stohl, P. M. Leonardi, and P. M. 2016. “Managing Opacity: Information Visibility and the Paradox of Transparency in the Digital age.” International Journal of Communication 10: 123–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, T. P., and S. Craft. 2017. “The Discursive Construction of Journalistic Transparency.” Journalism Studies 18 (2): 1505–1522.
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S., and A. Russell. 2020. “News Flashpoints: Networked Journalism and Waves of Coverage of Social Problems.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 97 (2): 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020917116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskopf, R. 2023. “Dis/Organising Visibilities: Governmentalisation and Counter-Transparency.” Organization 30 (2): 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508421995751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley, D. 2020. “A Typology of News Sourcing: Routine and non-Routine Channels of Production.” Journalism Practice 14 (3): 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1617042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamith, R. 2019. “Transparency, Interactivity, Diversity, and Information Provenance in Everyday Data Journalism.” Digital Journalism 7 (4): 470–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1554409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar